Cells and Tissues PDF

Organs Each organ made by different types of Eye Tissues Thyroid Each tissue made by specific types of Lung Cells...

Organs Each organ made by different types of Eye Tissues Thyroid Each tissue made by specific types of Lung Cells Cell Heart Liver Each cell has a specific function Intestine Cell The basic unit in every living organism Smallest form of life that can replicate on its own We have more than 200 type of cells in our body  Cell Mostly Unicellular Large, 10-100 µm Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Small, 0.2-2 µm Animal Archaea Plant Bacteria Fungi Circular DNA (plasmid) Protists Pili No membrane Flagella No cytoskeleton Cell Cell membrane Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Membraned nucleus Golgi apparatus Organelles Linear DNA Cytoskeleton Nucleolus Cytosol Cytoplasm Eukaryotic Cell Glycolipids are unique for each cell type e.g., temperature change Glyco= Carbohydrate Protects cell membrane Glycolipid Glycoprotein Cell membrane Cholesterol Bilayer Phospholipids  Cell Cell membrane Hydrophilic/Lipophobic Semipermeable Amphiphilic Small non-polar molecules (O2, CO2) diffuse quickly Phosphate head Small polar molecules(water) diffuse relatively slow Hydrophobic/Lipophilic Large non-polar molecules (vitamin A) crossing very slow Highly polar molecules (Na+, K+, Cl-, amino acids, glucose) 2 Fatty acid tails cannot pass through Phospholipids  No ATP used Cell Passive Transport Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Cytoplasm Small non-polar molecules Water movement from pass by concentration gradient hypo to hypertonic side larger molecules and polar molecules move across the membrane (transporter proteins)  Cell ATP used directly Active Transport ATP used indirectly Primary Secondary Na+ concentration increase K+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Sodium-Glucose linked transporter Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Gl Na-K pump This made 2 sits SGLT1 transporter available for K+ Na+ Na+ Protein modifies and Na+ move them inside Cytoplasm In cytoplasmic side it can attach 3 Na+ Protein modifies and Some Na+ back to And Glucose can release them outside cell by gradient sneak in with Na+  Cell K+ leak channels are small pores in membrane that only large enough to Are not very specific tunnels, allowing water let potassium leaks out of the cell and small polar molecules, like sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions, to pass through Binding site Pump Carrier Receptor Channel Cytoplasm Surface receptors receive an input from the very specific, with special binding sites that only allow certain outside, like hormones, cytokines, or growth molecules to bind They also have gates at both ends, which factors and transmit it into inside of cell open sequentially for example: glucose transporter (GLUT-4) Cell Membrane Potential Membrane potential for mostly is around -85 mv Na+ Na+ 2K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3Na+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ Na-K pump Due to function of Na-K pump, we Difference between gradience of positive have more positive ions outside of ions in both sides of membrane is membrane compared to cytoplasm known as (resting) membrane potential Cytoplasm