Basic Anatomy and Physiology Terminology PDF

Anatomy ======= - From the Greek *anatomē*= to dissect or to cut - Is the study of the structure and form of all organisms Physiology ========== - Is the study of the functions of the body, how the body works Pathology ========= - The structural and functional changes that occur within...

Anatomy ======= - From the Greek *anatomē*= to dissect or to cut - Is the study of the structure and form of all organisms Physiology ========== - Is the study of the functions of the body, how the body works Pathology ========= - The structural and functional changes that occur within the body with disease - The basic concept of medicine -- for either preventative measures or for therapeutic treatment Gross Anatomy/Macroanatomy ========================== - Visualized with the unaided eye Microanatomy ============ - Requires a microscope for visualization Histology ========= - Study of cells and tissues Comparative Terminology ======================= - The study of various species of animals and their similarities Embryology ========== - The study of developmental anatomy from the time of conception to the time of birth Descriptive Terminology In the quadruped (4-footed animal), these terms are used to describe the position of structures and the relationship between structures. These terms assume that the animal is standing in its normal stance but remain the same regardless of the animal's actual position. **Dorsal** Away from the ground **Ventral** Towards the ground **Cranial** Towards the head **Caudal** Towards the tail **Palmar** On the front leg -- below the carpus (wrist) -- the surface that is towards the ground **Plantar** On the hind leg -- the surface distal (below) to the tarsus (hock/ankle) that faces toward the ground **Medial** Towards the median plane **Lateral** Farther from the median plane **Proximal** Nearer the trunk**.** Used with extremities. **Distal** Farther from the trunk. Used with extremities **Superficial** Nearer the surface **Deep** Farther from the surface Median Plane ============ - Divides body into two equal halves, a left and right side. Same as the mid-sagittal plane Sagittal Plane ============== - Is parallel to the median plane, divides body into two unequal halves - Perpendicular "at right angles to" the transverse plane Transverse Plane ================ - Plane that is perpendicular to the median plane dividing the body into a cranial and caudal half (front and back halves) - Also a plane that is perpendicular to the long axis of a limb or an organ Frontal (Dorsal) Plane ====================== - Plane perpendicular to both median and transverse plane giving a dorsal and ventral portion (top and bottom halves) **Rostral** Toward the tip of the nose- used only on the head **Bilateral symmetry** Left and right halves of the body are mirror images **Dorsal body cavity** Contains the brain and the spinal cord **Cranium** Formed by the skull and contains the brain **Spinal canal** Formed by the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord **Ventral body cavity** - Contains most soft organs (viscera) - Divided into cranial and caudal portions - **Thorax** - Lined by **pleura** - Abdomen - Lined by **peritoneum** Organization **Cells** Basic functional units of animal life **Tissues** Specialized cells, grouped together **Organs** Groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose **Systems** Groups of organs involved in a common set of activities **States** Health is the state of normal anatomy and physiology **Homeostasis** The maintenance of dynamic equilibrium (balance)