Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Anatomy and Physiology An Introduction to the human body Jose D. Delas Peñas, RN, RM, LPT, MN, MAED Anatomy and Physiology of Human Movement BPED 102  BPED 102 Pre-requisite: n/a Unit Credits: 3 No. of Hours: 54 hours  Course Description This course p...

Anatomy and Physiology An Introduction to the human body Jose D. Delas Peñas, RN, RM, LPT, MN, MAED Anatomy and Physiology of Human Movement BPED 102  BPED 102 Pre-requisite: n/a Unit Credits: 3 No. of Hours: 54 hours  Course Description This course provides an understanding of the structure of the body and how they operate as systems. Students use anatomical models and digital media to provide a basis for understanding the structure and function of the human body in terms of how it respond and adapts to physical activities in all its forms  Content Outline The language of this course and Anatomy v. Physiology Subdisciplines of Anatomy Levels of Organization Characteristics & life processes of the living human organism Body systems and a brief history of the study of anatomy Homeostasis and control mechanisms of homeostasis Anatomical position Body planes and directional terminology Body regions and terminology Body cavities and their membranes Medical imaging methods/techniques for anatomical study  A & P Terminology Greek // Latin Cornerstone of learning anatomy Prefix + Suffix = Term with a meaning Gastro + ectomy = Gastrectomy “Stomach” + “to cut out” = Stomach removal  A & P Terminology Some prefixes / suffixes are remarkably similar and easily confused Brachi- = Arm Alg- = Pain Brachy- = Short Angi- = Blood vessel Brady- = Slow Tachy- = Fast  A & P Terminology Some word origins are easily confused Gland (Aden-) Disease (Path-) Organ (Viscer-) Poison (Tox-)  A & P Terminology Some prefixes to get you started Organs Tissues Gastr- Stomach Chondr- Cartilage Hepa- Liver Os- Bone Nephr- Kidney Myo- Muscle Neuro- Nerves/ Nervous Entero- Instestine Lip- // Lipo- Fat Cerebro- Brain Cardio- Heart Pneumo- Lung Derm- // Cut- Skin Anatomy & physiology defined Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Physiology – study of the function of the structures Anatomy relates to physiology Best (evolutionarily) adapted structures are those that lead to best performance of functions for life (survival). What a structure does depends on its specific form Gross Anatomy Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues Specialized Branches of Anatomy Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures as visualized by X ray, CT scan or MRI, etc. Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level Levels of Structural Organization  Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organism – made up of the organ systems Life Processes Metabolism (chem. process) Catabolism – molecular decomposition Anabolism – synthesis of molecules Ingestion (food intake) Digestion (decomp nutrient molecules) Absorption (osmosis /diffusion) Assimilation (nutrients form other needed substances) Life Processes Respiration (energy release) Excitability (respond to environment) Conductivity (carry/transmit effects of stimuli (i.e. nerve signal transduction)) Growth (increase no. of cells) Differentiation (stem cells specialize) Reproduction (new cells or new organisms form) Homeostasis Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world Internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis Disruption to a controlled condition (i.e. blood glucose level) stimulates a feedback system. Feedback system composed of Receptor Control center Effector Nervous and Endocrine systems work to maintain homeostasis // controlled conditions Feedback systems Negative feedback system Reverses a change in a controlled system Positive feedback system Reinforces change in a controlled condition Homeostasis mostly relies on neg feedback Disease is failure of homeostatic control. Negative feedback Positive Feedback Anatomical Position Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body  Standard Reference Terminology: Anatomical Reference Position Erect standing position with all the body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position for body segment movements  Directional Terms Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proxima Distal Superficial deep  Standard Reference Terminology: Anatomical Reference Planes Cardinal Planes - The three (3) imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by mass – Sagittal plane – Frontal plane – Transverse plane  Standard Reference Terminology: Anatomical Reference AXES An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attached – Mediolateral or frontal axis – Anterioposterior or sagittal axis – Longitudinal axis  Joint Movement Terminology In anatomical position, all body segments are considered to be positioned at zero degrees. – Sagittal plane movements – Frontal plane movements – Transverse plane movements Sagittal Plane Movement Frontal Plane Movement Transverse Plane Movement Directional Terms Directional Terms Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure Directional Terms Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface Directional Terms Ipsilateral and contralateral – on the same and opposite side of the body from another structure, respectively. Regional Terms: Anterior View Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b Body Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline Parasagittal – sagittal plane that does not lie along the midline Body Planes Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section – cuts made diagonally Body Planes  Body Cavities Dorsal cavity contains the central nervous system, has two subdivisions: Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord Body Cavities Body Cavities Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities Body Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, bronchi and large blood vessels) Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the thoracic cavity; separated by diaphragm Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, sm. intestine, most of lg. intestine, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon and rectum Cavity Membranes Serous membranes of the pleural cavity Visceral pleura line surface of lungs Parietal pleura line the chest wall Serous membranes of the pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium covers the heart Parietal pericardium lines chest wall Serous membranes of the abdominal cavity Visceral / Parietal peritoneum Serous fluid separates the serosae Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavities  Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.11b  Medical Imaging Allows for visualization of structures inside the body. Helpful for diagnosis of disorders Radiography (x-ray) Computerized tomography (CT) Digital subtraction angiography Sonography Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Positron emission tomography (PET) Introduction to Human Movement