Anatomy Quiz on Body Plans and Cavities

Anatomy and Physiology Overview

• This course introduces the human body's structure and function as interconnected systems.
• Students utilize anatomical models and digital resources to understand structure and function.
• The course covers the human body's response and adaptation to physical activity.

Course Description

• The course provides understanding of body structure and its operation as interconnected systems.
• Students use anatomical models and digital media to learn human body structure, function, and adaptation to physical activity.

Content Outline

• The course includes terminology, sub-disciplines, levels of organization of the human body.
• It includes characteristics and life processes of a living organism and the study history of anatomy and homeostasis.
• It covers anatomical position, body planes, directional terminology, body regions, and body cavities.
• In addition, medical imaging methods/techniques are included for anatomical study.

A & P Terminology

• Greek and Latin are crucial for learning anatomical terminology.
• Combining prefixes and suffixes creates terms with specific meanings, for example, "gastroectomy" means stomach removal.
• Some prefixes and suffixes may be similar but have different meanings, which can lead to confusion.

A & P Terminology (Additional Info)

• Examples of confusing prefixes/suffixes include "brachi" (arm), "alg" (pain), "angi" (blood vessel), and "brachy" (short).
• Other confused word origins include "aden" (gland),"path" (disease), "viscer" (organ), and "tox" (poison).
• Examples of organ prefixes include: "gastr" (stomach), "hepa" (liver), "nephr" (kidney), "entero" (intestine), "cerebro" (brain), "cardio" (heart), "pneumo" (lung), and "derm" (skin).
• Examples of tissue prefixes include: "chondr " (cartilage), "os " (bone), "myo" (muscle), "neuro" (nerves/nervous), "lip / lipo" (fat).

Anatomy & Physiology Defined

• Anatomy is the study of body structure and relationships to one another. It involves macroscopic structure (gross anatomy) and microscopic structure (cytology and histology).
• Developmental anatomy explores structural changes over an organism's lifespan.
• Physiology is the study of body function.

Anatomy Relates to Physiology

• Evolutionarily advantageous structures optimize life functions.
• Form (anatomy) dictates function (physiology).

Gross Anatomy

• Regional anatomy studies all structures in a specific region of the body.
• Systemic anatomy examines the body by systems.
• Surface anatomy correlates internal structures with those visible on the surface.

Microscopic Anatomy

• Cytology is the study of cells, and histology is the study of tissues.

Specialized Branches of Anatomy

• Pathological anatomy studies structural changes due to disease and injury.
• Radiographic anatomy examines internal structures through imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRI.
• Molecular biology investigates anatomical structures at a subcellular level.

Levels of Structural Organization

• Body structure organization progresses from atoms to molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism.

Levels of Structural Organization (Expanded)

• Chemical level – atoms combine to form molecules.
• Cellular level – cells are made of molecules.
• Tissue level – consists of similar types of cells.
• Organ level – composed of different types of tissues.
• Organ system level – consists of interacting organs.
• Organism level – the integrated functioning of all systems.

Life Processes

• Metabolism involves catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis) of molecules.
• Ingestion is the uptake of food.
• Digestion breaks down nutrients.
• Absorption is the uptake of nutrient molecules.
• Assimilation is incorporating nutrients into body structures.
• Respiration releases energy.
• Excitability is responding to environmental stimuli.
• Conductivity transmits stimuli.
• Growth increases cell number.
• Differentiation involves specialization.
• Reproduction generates new cells.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis maintains internal stability despite external changes.
• The internal environment of the body is in dynamic equilibrium.
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors are involved.

Homeostasis (Feedback Systems)

• Disruptions to controlled conditions (e.g., blood glucose level) initiate feedback systems.
• The feedback systems involve receptors, control centers, and effectors to restore homeostasis.
• Negative feedback reverses a change, and positive feedback reinforces a change.
• The nervous and endocrine systems manage homeostasis.

Feedback Systems Diagram

• A diagram illustrates the interconnected process of feedback systems, including input, control center, output, receptor, effector and response.

Homeostasis and Temperature Control

• The body regulates temperature to maintain a constant 37°C.
• Nervous system signals adjust blood vessels (dilate to lose or constrict to conserve heat) and sweat glands to balance temperature.

Feedback Systems: Types

• Negative feedback systems reverse a change in a controlled system.
• Positive feedback systems reinforce a change in a controlled system.

Negative Feedback Example

• High blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to release insulin, lowering blood glucose to normal levels.

Positive Feedback Example

• Baby's suckling at the nipple stimulates the release of oxytocin, which causes milk ejection, maintaining feeding.

Anatomical Position

• The standard anatomical position is standing erect, facing forward, with feet slightly apart, and palms forward, thumbs point away from the body.

Directional Terms

• Superior (toward the head), Inferior (toward the feet); Anterior (front), Posterior (back); Medial (toward the midline), Lateral (away from the midline), Intermediate (between).
• Proximal (closer to the point of attachment), Distal (farther from the point of attachment); Superficial (toward the surface), Deep (away from the surface)

Directional Terms (Additional Terms).

• Ipsilateral (same side) and contralateral (opposite side).

Regional Terms (Anterior View)

• Axial regions encompass the head, neck, and trunk.
• Appendicular regions concern the upper and lower extremities.
• Specific regional terms like "nasal", "oral", or "axillary" precisely locate body parts.

Regional Terms (Posterior View)

• Posterior views use anatomical landmarks to describe regions of the body.

Body Planes

• Sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions.
• Midsagittal (or medial) plane runs down the midline.
• Parasagittal plane does not run down the midline; it's parallel to the midsagittal plane but slightly off-center.
• Frontal plane (or coronal plane) divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
• Transverse plane (or horizontal plane) divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
• Oblique plane is a diagonal cut through the body.

Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavity contains the central nervous system (cranial and vertebral cavities).
• Ventral body cavity contains the internal organs (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities).

Body Cavities (Subdivisions of Ventral Cavity)

• Thoracic cavity contains the organs of the chest (heart and lungs). It's divided into pleural cavities (lungs) and mediastinum (heart).
• An abdominopelvic cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver (in the abdominal area), and bladder, and reproductive organs (in the pelvic area).

Cavity Membranes

• Serous membranes line the walls and organs of various body cavities, with parietal lining the cavity walls and visceral lining the organs. These membranes secrete serous fluid to reduce friction during organ movement.

Other Body Cavities

• These include the oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and synovial cavities.

Abdominopelvic Regions/Quadrants

• The abdominopelvic region is divided into regions and quadrants for clinical and anatomical purposes.

Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions

• A diagram shows the location of important organs within these regions.

Medical Imaging

• Medical imaging provides visualization of internal body structures for diagnostic purposes.
• Imaging techniques include radiography, CT scanning, digital subtraction angiography, sonography, MRI, and PET scanning.

Introduction to Human Movement

• Human movement involves the intricate coordination of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.
• These systems work together as the kinetic chain; proper functioning of one system impacts the others.

The Nervous System

• The nervous system is a vital communication network for the body.
• It provides sensory, integrative, and motor functions to process information and respond appropriately.

The Nervous System (Structure)

• Parts includes the Central Nervous System (CNS) containing the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) containing nerves that connect to the CNS.

The Nervous System (Functions)

• Three main functions include sensory input (sensing changes in the internal and external environments), integration (processing sensory information), and motor output (responding to stimuli).

Proprioception

• Proprioception is the body's ability to sense its relative position.
• Training proprioception will improve balance, posture, and movement adaptation.

The Neuron

• Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system.
• Neurons have three main parts: cell body (containing organelles), axon (for transmitting signals), and dendrites (for receiving signals).

Neuron Classifications

• Sensory neurons transmit signals from receptors to the brain.
• Motor neurons transmit signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).
• Interneurons transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons.

Peripheral Nervous System

• The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
• It includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
• It provides sensory and motor information between the body and the environment.

Peripheral Nervous System (Components)

• Two components are somatic (voluntary movement of skeletal muscles) and autonomic (involuntary control of internal organ functions).
• Autonomic system further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Sensory Receptors

• Sensory receptors are specialized structures that detect changes (like temperature, light, touch, or chemicals).
• Mechanoreceptors respond to pressure & touch; nociceptors detect pain.
• Chemoreceptors detect chemicals; photoreceptors respond to light.

Mechanoreceptors

• Specific mechanoreceptors include muscle spindles (responding to stretch), Golgi tendon organs (responding to tension), and joint receptors (responding to pressure).

Physical Activity and the Nervous System

• Physical activity improves the way the CNS and PNS coordinate movements, impacting early-stage gains in training.
• Addressing sensory input can help modify and improve movement patterns.

Body's Framework (Skeletal System)

• The skeletal system provides shape, support, protection, and enables movement.
• It produces blood and stores minerals.

Skeletal System Functionality

• Skeletal system function related to posture, physical activity and nutrition status and how those factors influence problems like poor posture, inactivity, and malnutrition.

Divisions of the Skeletal System

• Axial Skeleton: Skull, ribs, vertebral column.
• Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle.

Bone Growth

• Bone remodeling constantly renews bone via resorption and formation.
• Osteoclasts remove old bone; osteoblasts form new bone.

Exercise and Bone Mass

• Exercise strengths bones, helps with peak bone mass maintenance, muscle strength, coordination and balance.
• Wolff's Law: Bones adapt to stress placed on them.

The Muscular System

• Muscles create internal tension, controlled by the nervous system, to move bones of the body.