GE2404 Visual Elements in Philippine Traditional Motifs and Crafts PDF

GE2404 VISUAL ELEMENTS IN PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL MOTIFS AND CRAFTS Philippine art is a vibrant tapestry woven from the threads of its diverse cultures and histories. This module explores how these elements reflect Filipinos' identity, history, religion, and philosophy. Soul and Space in Tradition...

GE2404 VISUAL ELEMENTS IN PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL MOTIFS AND CRAFTS Philippine art is a vibrant tapestry woven from the threads of its diverse cultures and histories. This module explores how these elements reflect Filipinos' identity, history, religion, and philosophy. Soul and Space in Traditional Structures It demonstrates how the design of structures reflects the people's values, culture, and identity. In Filipino architecture, spaces serve practical purposes while also reflecting social, cultural, and spiritual beliefs. Each part of the structure is designed to support the community's lifestyle. The following are traditional Filipino houses: Torogan The Torogan is a traditional Maranao house from Mindanao. It symbolizes Maranao culture, social hierarchy, and community values. It has a boat-shaped bubong (roof) and a carved panolong beam at the front, representing a ship's prow. The house also features dingding (walls) with okir motif, salungso (raised bamboo floor), and haligi (wooden pillars). The bintana (windows) and pintuan (doors) allow light and ventilation. The Torogan is not just a home but also hosts cultural events such as weddings and community gatherings. Its design has influenced the design of modern buildings like the old international airports of Zamboanga and Davao City. Ifugao Native House There are different types of Ifugao Native House or Ifugao Huts, such as abong, inappal, bale, and alang. Abong (Abung) – It is constructed directly on the ground. Inappal – It is designed to be raised off the ground. Alang – It is used for storage, such as a granary. In some cases, the alang may also be a type of communal building. Ifugao Bale The Ifugao bale is a traditional house designed for the mountainous, tropical environment of the Ifugao people. It is raised on tukod (wooden posts) to prevent flooding and pests, with halipan (rat guards) around the posts to keep rodents away. The bubong (steep roof) made of cogon grass or thatch sheds rain and provides insulation. The dingding (walls) are made of bamboo or timber, allowing airflow to keep the house cool. The house also has a silong (crawl space) for storing items or animals and an attic for storing rice and essentials. This design reflects the Ifugao’s agricultural lifestyle, focusing on sustainability, functionality, and their connection to nature. Bahay Kubo The bahay kubo (nipa hut) is a traditional Filipino house made from natural materials like bamboo, wood, and nipa palm. It is small and square, elevated on bamboo stilts to prevent flooding. Instead of nails, the structure is built using wooden joints and ties. The house features a single room called the silid, which serves all purposes, including eating, sleeping, and socializing. Underneath the house, in the silong, tools or animals are often stored. The steep thatched bubong (roof) made from nipa leaves helps keep the house cool and protects it from rain. The walls, or dingding, are made of bamboo slats or nipa, allowing for good airflow. Large bintana (windows) with bamboo shutters provide natural light and ventilation. The bahay kubo is often surrounded by a 09 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 1 of 4  GE2404 garden where families grow vegetables and herbs. It is designed to suit the tropical climate with proper ventilation, shade, and rain protection, highlighting Filipino ingenuity and adaptability. Bahay na Bato The Bahay na Bato, or "House of Stone," incorporates Spanish and Filipino architecture. This house is commonly found in urban areas and is known for its sturdiness and elegance. As the name suggests, the Bahay na Bato is constructed from stone and brick, representing a shift from the traditional wooden houses. The main parts include silong (a stone or brick base for storage and flood protection), pananamaan (wooden stairs connecting floors), sala (a spacious living area upstairs), bubong (a sloping tile roof), and bintana (large windows with capiz shells for light and ventilation). In conclusion, exploring these traditional forms of architecture can reveal the impact of space on the Philippines' identity and culture. Symmetry Art (Okir/Ukkil) Okir is a traditional Maranao art form known for its intricate, symmetrical designs. These patterns often feature curves, spirals, or geometric shapes mirrored on both sides, making them symmetrical. The symmetry in okir gives a sense of order and beauty. Okir reflects the Maranao people's connection to nature and their beliefs and is commonly seen in the carvings on the walls, doors, and beams of Torogan or other Maranao structures. Maranao Okir designs use materials like hardwood, brass, silver, and wall paintings to showcase craftsmanship and cultural heritage. The intricate patterns symbolize unity (through interconnected shapes), infinity (through repeated designs), and spirituality (through sacred geometry), reflecting deep cultural and religious meanings in Islamic tradition. Indigenous Art and Cultural Art Forms Indigenous art serves as a powerful reminder of the Filipino people's history and identity. It fosters a sense of pride and belonging among indigenous communities and encourages appreciation among others. By understanding and respecting these art forms, we can help preserve the country's rich cultural tapestry. Types of Indigenous Art Forms 1. Textile – Weaving is a vital art form among many indigenous groups in the Philippines, with each tribe having unique patterns and techniques that tell stories and reflect culture. Examples of handwoven textiles include T’nalak, Dagmay, Pis Syabit, Seputangan, and Inaul. These textiles are often used in traditional clothing or household items. 2. Pottery – Pottery is an important indigenous art form created by various tribes for cooking, storage, and ceremonies. Burnay is traditional pottery from Vigan, made using hand-building techniques and fired in wood kilns. They have a dark color, smooth finish, and sometimes decorative patterns, reflecting their influence on Ilocano culture and daily life. 3. Wood Carving – Wood carving is an important art form in the Philippines, used for religious figures, ritual items, and decorations. The Bulul (bu-lul or tinagtaggu) is a carved figure used by the Ifugao to protect rice crops, while the Maranao create Okir, featuring flowing geometric patterns. 09 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 2 of 4  GE2404 4. Bamboo Crafts – Bamboo is a key material in Filipino culture, used for building homes, making musical instruments, and creating crafts. The Sawali or Amakan is a traditional woven bamboo mat used for walls and paneling, especially in the Northern Philippines. 5. Body Art – Tattoos have a deep history in the Philippines, especially among indigenous groups like the Igorot and Kalinga. Used as a rite of passage, tattoos symbolize bravery, beauty, and social status. The Batok tattoos, applied with a thorn and bamboo stick, feature designs representing nature, such as mountains, rivers, and animals. Today, there is a revival of traditional tattooing to preserve cultural identity. 6. Music and Dance – Indigenous music and dance are integral aspects of indigenous Filipino art forms. Each tribe has its traditional instruments, songs, and dances performed during festivals, rituals, and community gatherings. The Kulintang, a series of gongs and drums used by various Filipino ethnic groups, showcases the rich musical heritage. Dances often tell stories of creation, nature, and ancestral heritage, connecting the community to their past. Tinikling is a traditional dance that mimics the movements of the tikling bird as it hops between grass stems and bamboo traps. Muslim Art One notable example of Muslim art in the Philippines is the Sarimanok. This iconic symbol, often depicted as a colorful bird, represents the Maranao people of Mindanao. The Sarimanok combines Islamic and Indigenous motifs and is often seen in wood carvings, paintings, and textiles. It is a symbol of good fortune, prosperity, and spiritual connection. Another example is the Okir design, which is widely used in the art of the Maranao and Maguindanao people. This intricate, flowing pattern appears in wood carvings, textiles like Inaul (traditional handwoven fabric), and metalwork. The designs often feature stylized motifs of nature, such as flowers, animals, and geometric shapes, and are symbolic of the spiritual and natural world. Christian Art Christian art in the Philippines combines Catholic influences with local culture, which the Spanish introduced in the 16th century. Various examples include retablos and altarpieces featuring religious images, often carved from wood and painted with gold. Religious statues of saints, Christ, and the Virgin Mary are commonly hand-carved and adorned. Many churches also feature paintings and murals depicting religious scenes. Development of Philippine Arts Art history in the Philippines is rich and diverse, reflecting the country's cultural heritage, colonial past, and modern developments. Key periods include: 1. Pre-colonial Art – Indigenous art, such as pottery, textiles, and tattoos, was profoundly connected to daily life, spirituality, and nature. 2. Spanish Colonial Art (1565–1898) – The arrival of Spanish colonizers introduced religious art, especially through churches, altarpieces, and portraits. Artists like Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo emerged during this period, blending European influences with local styles. 09 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 3 of 4  GE2404 3. American Colonial Art (1898–1946) – The period saw the establishment of Western art schools and styles. In the 1930s, Filipino artist Fernando Amorsolo focused on rural life and landscapes, while social realist art became prominent. 4. Post-War Art (1946–1960s) – Following World War II, artists began to experiment with contemporary art. Victorio Edades led the modernist movement, which emphasized abstraction and new techniques. 5. Contemporary Art (1970s–present) – This period is marked by diverse movements and media, from political art to digital media. Benedicto Cabrera (BenCab) is a notable contemporary artist. Contemporary Art in the Philippines Philippine contemporary art is literally referred to as "the art of today," which makes it an umbrella term for the local art produced today and in recent times. In Philippine contemporary art, diversity is a common theme—diversity in themes, materials, forms, and even timelines. It aims to convey messages and engage in discussions. Filipino artists work in traditional mediums like drawing, painting, and sculpture while exploring new art forms such as BioArt, digital collage, and pixel art. References: Imahica Art Gallery. (2023, January 3). Contemplating the Contemporary: What makes Philippine contemporary art truly Filipino. https://imahica.art/contemplating-the-contemporary-what-makes-philippine-contemporary-art- truly-filipino/. Mariones, R. (2018, December 20). Ifugao Native House. https://ifugaonativehouse.food.blog/page/3/. Moya, J. (2021, October 7). 5 Interesting facts about the Bahay kubo, a Filipino traditional home. Tatler Asia. https://www.tatlerasia.com/homes/architecture-design/interesting-facts-about-bahay-kubo. National Museum. (n.d.). Architecture and Furniture. https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/our- collections/ethnology/architecture-and-furniture/. Ong, G. (2024, February 7). “Our Nipa Hut: A Story in The Philippines” is a Story About Ecology. Mochi Magazine. https://www.mochimag.com/arts-culture/our-nipa-hut-rachell-abalos/. Pineda, A. (2024, June 13). Maranao Okir: The Mesmerizing Geometric Patterns in Philippine Islamic Art - Pinas Culture. Pinas Culture. https://pinasculture.com/maranao-okir-the-mesmerizing-geometric-patterns-in-philippine- islamic-art/. 09 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 4 of 4 OWNERSHIP IN ART | Art Appreciation |  Ownership in art refers to the legal rights and control over an artwork. It involves both intellectual property and physical possession. Example: A painting's copyright belongs to the artist, but the buyer owns the physical artwork.  Protects Artists: Fosters Creativity: Ensures creators get Encourages innovation by recognition and payment. Prevents Misuse: protecting rights. Stops unauthorized reproduction or theft. 1. COPYRIGHT Protects the right to reproduce, distribute, or sell the artwork. Example: A photographer holds copyright over their image 2. PHYSICAL OWNERSHIP Owning the actual artwork (e.g., a painting or sculpture). Example: A collector buying an original Picasso. 3. LICENSING Permission to use art commercially (e.g., on merchandise). Example: Licensing Van Gogh's art for use on posters.  UNAUTHORIZED USE CULTURAL APPROPRIATION Piracy and copying without permission. Using traditional or indigenous art without credit. LEGAL DISPUTES Ownership arguments between creators and buyers. POSITIVE IMPACTS: NEGATIVE IMPACTS: Ensures recognition and income for Legal battles can be costly and complex. artists. Some artists lose rights when selling Allows control over how their work is their work. used. 1. WHAT DOES COPYRIGHT PROTECT IN ART? a) The physical ownership of the artwork b) The right to reproduce, distribute, and sell the artwork c) The price of the artwork d) The materials used to create the artwork 2. WHAT IS THE TERM FOR USING TRADITIONAL OR INDIGENOUS ART WITHOUT CREDIT OR PERMISSION? a) Licensing b) Cultural Appropriation c) Fair Use d) Copyright Violation 3. WHAT TYPE OF OWNERSHIP INVOLVES POSSESSING THE ORIGINAL ARTWORK BUT NOT THE RIGHTS TO REPRODUCE IT? a) Copyright b) Licensing c) Physical Ownership d) Intellectual Property 4. WHO TYPICALLY OWNS THE RIGHTS TO AI-GENERATED ART? a) The artist b) The programmer c) The AI user d) It’s a debated topic with no clear consensus 5. WHY IS OWNERSHIP IMPORTANT FOR ARTISTS? a) To gain recognition and financial security b) To sell their artwork faster c) To avoid creating art again d) To transfer all rights to buyers END OF MEMBERS: Salibio, Ma. Antonette Servania, Kristine Gallego, Shane Lagrimas, Ma Christina Pereira, BBianca  GE2404 SOUL-MAKING (ARTMAKING) Art is not just about creating beautiful images; it’s also about telling stories and expressing deeper meanings. The concept of soul-making refers to the process artists undergo to connect their feelings and experiences with the world around them. This module explores various aspects of artistic expression, including crafting images, stories, da Vincian principles, and the complexities of cultural appropriation. Crafting Images and Stories Crafting images in art uses shapes, colors, and forms to express emotions, ideas, or messages without words. This can be achieved through various methods, such as composition (arranging visual elements), symbolism (using objects or colors to represent ideas), mood (creating feelings with color and texture), and focus (highlighting details to direct attention). These approaches vary based on the medium and the artist's purpose. Crafting stories in art creates characters, plots, and settings to convey a message or experience and requires a clear narrative structure. Depending on the medium and the artist's intent, these approaches help connect with audiences through different forms, such as literature, film, or performance. In conclusion, art can combine images and stories, blending visuals with narrative to enhance meaning. Seven da Vincian Principles Leonardo da Vinci, a master artist and thinker, developed seven principles to guide artists through their soul-making journey. These principles foster creativity and critical thinking. 1. Curiosità (Curiosity) – Cultivate a desire to learn and explore new ideas. Da Vinci captivated his curiosity by asking "what if" and "how come" to any scenarios he could anticipate. 2. Dimostrazione (Demonstration) – Practice what you learn and share your knowledge with others. Da Vinci devoted himself to testing knowledge through experience, persistence, and a willingness to learn from his mistakes. 3. Sensazione (Sensation) – Enhance your senses to perceive the world more deeply. According to Da Vinci, “The five senses are the ministers of the soul.” 4. Sfumato – Embrace ambiguity and uncertainty in your work. Da Vinci was uniquely able to understand the extreme opposites of opinions and phenomena. 5. Arte/Scienza (Art/Science) – Combine artistic expression with scientific understanding. Da Vinci promoted the idea of balancing science and art, logic and imagination, which he called "whole-brain thinking.” This concept emphasizes the integration of rationality and creativity, aiming for a comprehensive approach to understanding and constructing. 6. Corporalita (Physicality): Engage your body and physical presence in your art. Da Vinci believed that if he wanted his mind to perform optimally, he needed to keep his body in perfect condition. 7. Connessione (Connection) – Recognize the interconnectedness of all things. Da Vinci believed, "Everything comes from everything, and everything is made out of everything, and everything returns into everything.” 07 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 1 of 3  GE2404 Five Acts of Cultural Appropriation Cultural appropriation occurs when artists borrow elements from another culture without understanding or respecting their context. This can include symbols, traditions, or styles in a way that may be seen as disrespectful or exploitative, reinforcing stereotypes. Artists should approach cultural elements with sensitivity and awareness. There are five acts of cultural appropriation: 1. Misrepresentation of Cultural Symbols – A common act of cultural appropriation is when artists use symbols from other cultures without understanding their significance. Example: Using Native American headdresses in fashion or art can be problematic because they hold deep spiritual significance and are meant for specific individuals within those cultures. When worn casually, it reduces their importance and can reinforce stereotypes. 2. Commercialization of Cultural Art Forms – Another form of appropriation is when cultural art forms are used for profit without understanding their origins. Example: A company might sell items inspired by Indigenous art without compensating the original artists or communities. This benefits others, removes the cultural context, and ignores the struggles those communities face. 3. Stereotyping Through Art – Art can reinforce harmful stereotypes when it portrays cultures in a simplified or exaggerated way. Example: An artist might create a caricature of a culture by focusing on clichés, like portraying all Asian cultures through martial arts or dragons. This simplification disregards the diversity and complexity of these cultures, leading to misunderstandings and reinforcing negative stereotypes. 4. Exploitation of Traditional Techniques – Many artists have borrowed traditional techniques from different cultures without giving proper credit. Example: A Western artist might use intricate patterns from African textiles without acknowledging the cultural significance behind those designs. This act can exploit the original culture's craft and diminish the value of their art by utilizing it as a mere decoration. 5. Lack of Collaboration and Consent – One of the most significant issues in cultural appropriation arises when artists do not seek collaboration or consent from the cultures they draw from. This can create a power imbalance, where dominant cultures take from marginalized individuals without acknowledgment. Example: When an artist outside the Black community uses elements of Black culture without engaging with Black artists or communities, it can feel exploitative. Genuine artistic expression requires dialogue, respect, and collaboration. Ownership in Art Ownership in art refers to the rights an artist has over their work. This includes the ability to control how their art is used or represented. Artists often advocate for recognition and respect for their work, 07 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 2 of 3  GE2404 especially in an age where digital sharing makes it easy for images to be copied and altered without permission. In summary, crafting images and crafting stories are essential aspects of artmaking. While images can convey emotions and messages, narratives provide context and depth. Understanding the balance between these elements can enhance our appreciation for art and its significance in society. Additionally, recognizing issues of appropriation and ownership encourages respectful discussion with the diverse cultures and histories that inform artistic expression. As you continue your journey in art, consider how you can incorporate your own stories into your creations while being mindful of the stories of others. References: Bathla, S. (2022, August 8). Da Vinci’s 7 (Timeless) Principles to think like a Genius! Medium. https://medium.com/@sombathla/leonardo-da-vincis-7-timeless-principles-to-think-like-a-genius-6bd96946055e. Cuncic, A., MA. (2024, May 24). The differences between appreciating and appropriating culture. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-cultural-appropriation-5070458. Dailymotion. (n.d.). https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8a8csd. Jeepy P. Compio, & Jeepy P. Compio. (2023, September 25). Ugong Sa Tig-Ani: Noi Narciso's exhibit of 'DIY' musical instruments made from scraps. SunStar Publishing Inc. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/feature/ugong-sa-tig- ani-noi-narcisos-exhibit-of-diy-musical-instruments-made-from-scraps. Murphy, C. (2024, August 29). What is cultural appropriation—and how do you avoid it? Health. https://www.health.com/mind-body/health-diversity-inclusion/what-is-cultural- appropriation#:~:text=Cultural%20appropriation%20involves%20using%20aspects,aspects%20without%20compen sating%20the%20owner. Rabaya, C. Y. (2019, June 16). Interactive exhibit features musical instruments from scraps. Atenews. https://atenews.ph/interactive-exhibit-features-musical-instruments-from-scraps. 07 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 3 of 3  GE2404 TEXTILE ART Textile art is an art form that utilizes various materials and fibers to create decorative, artistic objects. It is a significant part of many cultures around the world, often reflecting the beliefs, traditions, and stories of the individuals who created them. This module focuses on the rich heritage of textile art in the Philippines. T’nalak The creation of textiles is considered a spiritual process where weavers connect with the natural and spiritual worlds. They utilize materials such as grass, pineapple fiber, and abaca, believed to contain spirits. Weaving is not just a craft but a way to communicate with spirits and draw inspiration from nature and the past. This belief is reflected in rituals and practices of respect and reverence. T'nalak weaving is a sacred art of the T'boli tribe in South Cotabato. The T'boli women, known as "dreamweavers," create intricate designs inspired by dreams. These dream-given patterns represent nature, myths, and ancestral wisdom and emerge in the cloth without being drawn as a form of spiritual narrative. The designs typically feature bold geometric patterns and natural motifs in black, red, and white, each with its meaning. Black often symbolizes the Earth, red represents blood and life, and the undyed portions reflect the purity of the natural abaca fiber. Lang Dulay, a T'boli Dreamweaver from the Lake Sebu region in South Cotabato, was honored with the National Living Treasures Award (GAMABA) in 1998 for preserving T'nalak weaving. Her dedication helped keep this tradition alive, sharing its deep cultural and spiritual significance with future generations. T’nalak Process T'nalak symbolizes the spirit and identity of the T'boli tribe, making it a crucial element of their cultural heritage. Below are the steps in the T’nalak process: 1. Harvesting and Preparing Abaca Fibers – The T'boli weavers use abaca (Manila hemp) fibers known for their strength and durability. The fibers must be stripped, dried, and manually separated, as this plant-based material is the primary textile for T'nalak weaving. 2. Splicing and Knotting – Since abaca fibers are relatively short, they must be spliced and knotted to form continuous threads suitable for weaving. 3. Dyeing Using Ikat Technique – The T'boli use the ikat technique, which involves resist-dyeing. Specific areas of the abaca threads are tied tightly to resist dye, creating intricate patterns. Natural dyes, primarily black and red, are traditionally used, although other colors have sometimes been introduced. 4. Weaving the T’nalak – The backstrap loom is an essential tool in this process. 5. Finishing – The cloth is softened by hand and inspected, and any loose ends are cleaned up to complete the weaving. Each piece is unique due to its handmade nature and the variations in dream- 08 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 1 of 4  GE2404 inspired designs. T’boli art Besides T'nalak, T'boli art includes a variety of crafts and cultural expressions that reflect the community's connection to nature and reverence for ancestral spirits. Key elements of T'boli art are as follows: Brasswork – T'boli artisans create intricate brass accessories, figurines, and ceremonial items. This allows them to create detailed designs that include animals, mythological figures, and symbols of protection. Beadwork – Colorful beads are used to adorn clothing, headdresses, and jewelry, creating patterns inspired by nature and traditions. Beaded pieces play an essential role in T'boli rituals and celebrations. Woodcarving and Décor – Carvings of animals, ritual objects, and other symbolic figures are often used in homes or ceremonies. Each carving is decorative and a reminder of T'boli mythology and ancestral stories. Music and Dance – Music and dance are essential to T'boli celebrations, using instruments like the kudlong (two-stringed lute) and sludoy (bamboo zither). Madal tahaw (kadal tahaw), or bird dance, is performed during community gatherings and reflects their close relationship with nature. In conclusion, T'boli art, including T'nalak, holds deep spiritual and cultural significance. It reflects the T'boli people's connection to their ancestors and environment, preserving their history, identity, and beliefs. The art serves as a way to tell stories, express spirituality, and maintain cultural traditions for future generations. Other Textile Traditions In addition to T’nalak, there are other notable textile traditions in the Philippines, each with unique techniques and cultural significance. Dagmay Dagmay is a handwoven textile made from abaca fibers by the Mandaya tribe in Davao Oriental and Davao del Norte. It features simple geometric patterns, often in earth tones like brown and red. The designs represent nature and daily life. While Dagmay is used for practical items like clothing and blankets, it also holds cultural meaning, preserving Mandaya heritage and craftsmanship. Samporonia Madanlo is a prominent Dagmay artist from the Mandaya tribe. She received the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) Award in 2023. Her contributions to the preservation and promotion of Mandaya weaving traditions have made her a respected figure in the cultural community. Pis Syabit Pis refers to the geometric pattern, and siyabit stands for the hook and technique. Pis Syabit is a traditional woven textile from the Tausug tribe in Sulu. It is a colorful fabric, often made from silk or cotton, known for its geometric shapes, floral motifs, and symbols. Pis Syabit is used as a decorative piece or worn as a headscarf or shawl (shoulder covering), especially in ceremonies or special occasions. The 08 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 2 of 4  GE2404 designs often feature geometric shapes and symbols that have cultural and spiritual significance for the Tausug tribe. It is a symbol of their own identity and craftsmanship. Darhata Sawabi is known for her contributions to Pis Syabit weaving. She received the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) Award 2004. Her commitment to the quality of her products is unwavering. She is celebrated for teaching younger generations the art of Pis Syabit weaving. Seputangan The Seputangan is a traditional woven textile by the Yakan tribe in Zamboanga. It is made from cotton or silk and features vibrant colors and geometric patterns such as diamonds, squares, and zigzags. It is used in ceremonies and daily life, reflecting their rich weaving traditions. The fabric is commonly used as a headscarf, belt, or decorative garment. Yakan textile reflects the “pure beauty of nature.” Each design and shape woven through the cloth reflects nature. Ambalang Ausalin, or Apuh Ambalang, is a renowned Yakan Master Weaver. She received the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) Award 2016. This artistry passed down to her daughters, nieces, and other weavers strengthens Yakan's identity and preserves their heritage in a globalized world. Inaul Inaul literally means “weave” in Maguindanao. Inaul is a traditional woven textile from the Maguindanao tribe. The patterns feature bold geometric shapes like diamonds, zigzags, and triangles. Inaul is woven on a backstrap loom with designs inspired by nature, cultural symbols, and royal motifs. The fabric is commonly used for malongs (tubular skirts) and is worn in cultural celebrations and ceremonies. Inaul symbolizes the strength of the culture and history of a great civilization; despite cultural imperialism, it stands firm with pride, dignity, and identity. The popularity of Inaul makes it possible for other women to be inspired to learn it as they observe the opportunity it poses. References: BARMM Official Website. (2022, November 24). Darhata Sawabi. https://bcpch.bangsamoro.gov.ph/darhata- sawabi/. BARMM Official Website. (2024, March 31). Threads of resilience: Darhata Sawabi—Sulu’s Pis Syabit weaving maestro, a national treasure. https://bangsamoro.gov.ph/news/feature-story/threads-of-resilience-darhata- sawabi-sulus-pis-syabit-weaving-maestro-a-national-treasure/ Belgera, A. (2023, July 21). T’nalak Festival: Weaving traditions, bridging history and cultural resilience. PIA. https://mirror.pia.gov.ph/features/2023/07/21/tnalak-festival-weaving-traditions-bridging-history-and-cultural- resilience. Berto. (2022, November 22). Dagmay. The Philippines Today. https://thephilippinestoday.com/dagmay/. “Cloth (Dagmay),” Mapping Philippine Material Culture, accessed November 13, 2024, https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/items/show/5715. Garcia, I. R. (2019, May 31). Reviving the Mandaya’s ‘dagmay’ Mindanao Times. https://mindanaotimes.com.ph/reviving-the-mandayas-dagmay/. Living Asia Channel. (2014, May 16). WINDOW Lang Dulay [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvNFvTHFHAs. Manipon, R. H. (2024, January 1). Hail the newly declared National Living Treasures. Daily Tribune Lifestyle. https://lifestyle.tribune.net.ph/hail-the-newly-declared-national-living-treasures/. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (n.d.). National Living Treasures: Lang Dulay. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-lang-dulay/. 08 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 3 of 4  GE2404 National Museum. (2022, April 1). Apuh Ambalang and the Yakan Weaving Tradition. https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/04/01/apuh-ambalang-and-the-yakan-weaving-tradition/. “Pis Syabit (Silk Headscarf),” Mapping Philippine Material Culture, accessed November 13, 2024, https://philippinestudies.uk/mapping/items/show/29324. T’boili Global Matters. (n.d.). T’nalak Weaving. http://www.tboli.globalmatters.com/prod01.htm. 7641 Islands. PH. (2022, March 28). Immerse yourself in culture through Yakan Master Weaver Ambalang Ausalin. https://7641islands.ph/explore/immerse-yourself-in-culture-through-yakan-master-weaver-ambalang-ausalin/. 08 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 4 of 4  GE2404 ART HISTORY Art is a lively reflection of human experience, showing the values and beliefs of different cultures and times. This module takes you on a journey through art movements, from ancient art to 20th-century movements. Early Modern Art The Early Modern Period connects the Renaissance to the Baroque movements. It emphasizes classical ideals and humanism, with innovations in techniques such as perspective and light. This period laid the foundation for modern artistic expression after significant social and political changes in Europe. Renaissance The Renaissance emerged after the Black Death (1347-1351) and the decline of feudalism, fueled by expanding cities and trade. This period saw a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman texts, which inspired artists and philosophers. The key characteristics of Renaissance art are as follows: Media – Artists employed oil paint, frescoes, and marble. Styles – Renaissance art is characterized by realism, perspective, and complex compositions. Artists studied anatomy and light to create lifelike figures and environments. Purpose – The Renaissance art celebrated human experience and the beauty of the world, featuring religious themes alongside portraits and scenes of everyday life. Significant Artists – Notable figures include Leonardo da Vinci, known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; Michelangelo, famed for the David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling; and Raphael, celebrated with The School of Athens. Mannerism Mannerism was an artistic movement that emerged in Europe during the late Renaissance, around the 1520s, lasting into the 16th century. The key characteristics of Mannerism art are as follows: Media – Mannerist artists primarily used oil paint, fresco, and sculpture. Styles – Mannerism is characterized by elongated forms, exaggerated poses, and unusual spatial relationships. Mannerist compositions often appear unbalanced or crowded, creating a sense of tension. Purpose – The purpose of Mannerist art was to provoke thought and evoke emotion rather than portray reality, which often leads to confusion. Significant Artists – Notable figures include Parmigianino, known for Madonna with the Long Neck, and Jacopo Pontormo, recognized for The Deposition from the Cross. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 1 of 7  GE2404 Baroque Baroque art emerged in Europe during the late 16th century and lasted into the early 18th century, following the Renaissance. The term "Baroque" is derived from the Portuguese word "barroco," meaning "irregular pearl," reflecting the ornate and elaborate style of this period. The key characteristics of Baroque art are as follows: Media – Baroque artists utilized a variety of media, such as oil paints, marble, and frescoes. Styles – Baroque artists often used chiaroscuro, which creates strong contrasts between light and dark to show depth, and tenebrism, which features dramatic lighting that highlights certain areas while leaving much in shadow. Purpose – Artists often depicted religious themes, historical events, and mythological scenes. The purpose was not only to beautify but also to convey messages and provoke thought among viewers. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Caravaggio, celebrated for his dramatic use of light and shadow in The Calling of Saint Matthew, and Peter Paul Rubens, a master of color and movement in The Elevation of the Cross. Rococo Rococo art emerged in early 18th-century France and is known for its ornate, decorative style. It often features themes of love, nature, and playful elegance. The key characteristics of Rococo art are as follows: Media – Rococo artists employed painting, sculpture, and decorative arts. Common materials included oil paint, pastel, and porcelain. Styles – The style is known for its intricate designs, soft colors, and asymmetrical shapes. Common motifs include shells, flowers, and curved lines. Artists often utilized light and delicate brushwork to create a sense of movement and playfulness. Purpose – Rococo art aimed to evoke feelings of joy and intimacy. It was often created for private spaces, such as salons and palaces, where the elite could gather and enjoy the beauty of their surroundings. Significant Artists – François Boucher depicted mythological subjects with sensuality such as in La Cage or The Cage. 19th Century Art The 19th century they featured key art movements that reflected social and political changes. These movements included Neoclassicism, Romanticism, and Realism, respectively. They greatly influenced the development of modern art. Neo-classicism Neo-Classicism was an artistic movement from the late 18th to early 19th century that revived classical styles from ancient Greece and Rome. The key characteristics of Neo-classicism are as follows: Media – Neo-Classical artists typically used oil paint, marble, and bronze. They employed techniques such as linear perspective and chiaroscuro (the treatment of light and shadow) to create depth and realism. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 2 of 7  GE2404 Styles—Neo-Classicism is marked by its emphasis on symmetry, proportion, and minimalism. Artists often depict scenes from mythology, history, and literature, focusing on moral values and patriotic themes. Purpose – The primary purpose of Neo-Classical art was to educate and inspire viewers. Artworks were meant to convey moral messages and celebrate virtues such as courage, loyalty, and sacrifice. Significant Artists – Notable artists of the Neo-Classical movement include Jacques-Louis David, known for his powerful composition and historical subject in The Death of Socrates, and Jean-Auguste- Dominique Ingres, renowned for his portraits and depictions of women, like La Grande Odalisque. Romanticism Romanticism was an artistic and cultural movement that began in the late 18th century and lasted into the mid-19th century. It emerged as a reaction to the strict rules of Neoclassicism. Romantic artists sought to express their feelings and explore the beauty of the world around them. The key characteristics of Romanticism are as follows: Media – Romantic artists used oil paint, watercolor, and lithograph. Styles – Styles varied, but common techniques included chiaroscuro and dynamic compositions that suggested movement. Romantic art often featured fantasy, mythology, and the supernatural, with nature playing a central role in stunning landscapes that highlighted its beauty and sublime elements like storms and mountains. Purpose – The movement celebrated individualism, focusing on personal experiences and the distinct perspectives of artists. Significant Artist — Eugène Delacroix was renowned for his vibrant work Liberty Leading the People. Realism Realism is an important art movement that emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction against Romanticism and Neoclassicism. Artists sought to represent the realities of life, focusing on the struggles and experiences of common people. The key characteristics of Realism are as follows: Media – Realist artists often used oil paint on canvas, but they also experimented with lithography and photography to capture everyday moments. Styles—Realism is characterized by detailed and unembellished depictions of subjects. Artists aimed for naturalism, using light and shadow to create depth and dimension. Purpose – The primary purpose of Realism was to portray life without idealization. This included addressing socio-political issues such as poverty, labor, and social injustice. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Gustave Courbet, famous for The Stone Breakers, which portrays laborers at work, and Jean-François Millet, known for The Gleaners, depicting peasant women collecting leftover crops. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 3 of 7  GE2404 Impressionism Impressionism was a major art movement that began in late 19th-century France, known for its focus on light and color. It represented a shift from traditional art, with artists using quick brushstrokes and vibrant colors to depict everyday life and nature. The term "Impressionism" comes from Claude Monet's painting “Impression, Sunrise,” which reflects the movement's aim to capture fleeting moments. The key characteristics of Impressionism are as follows: Media – Impressionist artists often used oil paints on canvas, allowing for rich textures and colors. They employed techniques like broken color and impasto, where paint is applied thickly to create a three- dimensional effect. Styles – This movement is characterized by loose brushwork and a focus on light. Artists frequently painted en plein air (outdoors) to capture the ever-changing qualities of light and atmosphere. Purpose – The goal of Impressionism was to convey the artist's immediate perception of a scene rather than an accurate depiction. This focus on personal experience and emotion was revolutionary. Significant Artist – Claude Monet was known for his series capturing the same scene at different times of day, like Water Lilies. Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism was an art movement that emerged in the late 19th century, roughly from 1886 to 1905, as a reaction against the limitations of Impressionism. While Impressionism focused on capturing light and color in everyday scenes, Post-Impressionists aimed to express deeper emotions and ideas through their work. The key characteristics of Post-Impressionism are as follows: Media – Artists commonly used oil paint, but they also experimented with watercolor and pastel. Styles – The movement is known for its bold colors and expressive brushwork. Artists often used thick layers of paint (impasto) to create texture. Purpose – Post-Impressionists wanted to convey more profound emotional experiences and ideas. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Vincent van Gogh, known for his swirling brushstrokes and vivid colors in The Starry Night, and Paul Cézanne, who emphasized structure and form by breaking objects into geometric shapes, as seen in The Basket of Apples. Neo-Impressionism Neo-Impressionism was an art movement that emerged in the late 19th century, specifically in the 1880s. It was a reaction to Impressionism, which focused on capturing light and movement. The key characteristics of Neo-Impressionism are as follows: Media – Neo-Impressionist artists primarily used oil paint on canvas. They often experimented with color and texture, using small, distinct dots or strokes of paint. Styles – The most famous technique associated with Neo-Impressionism is pointillism. This style involves placing tiny dots of color next to each other, allowing the viewer's eye to blend them from a distance. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 4 of 7  GE2404 Purpose – The purpose of Neo-Impressionism was to create a more dynamic and scientific representation of light and color. Artists intended to provoke emotional responses through color harmony and the arrangement of forms. Significant Artist – The movement was pioneered by Georges Seurat, who aimed to create a scientific approach to color theory. His painting A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte is a prime example of Pointillism. Symbolism Symbolism was an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the late 19th century, primarily in France. It aimed to express ideas and emotions through symbols rather than direct representation. This movement was a reaction against realism and naturalism, which focused on depicting the world as it is. Symbolism encourages viewers and readers to explore deeper meanings behind the artwork or text. The key characteristics of Symbolism are as follows: Media – Symbolist artists utilized poetry and theater. They often experimented with color, light, and form to evoke emotions and convey abstract ideas. Styles – The style is characterized by dreamlike imagery, vivid colors, and an emphasis on the emotional experience rather than realistic representation. Purpose – The primary purpose of Symbolism was to convey the inexpressible. Artists and writers aim to capture feelings, dreams, and the subconscious mind. It allows viewers and readers to interpret the work personally. Significant Artist – Paul Gauguin was a notable figure known for his painting, Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Art Nouveau Art Nouveau was an influential art movement that emerged in the late 19th century and lasted into the early 20th century. Art Nouveau sought to create a new aesthetic that broke away from traditional forms. Its name, which means "New Art" in French, represents a desire for innovation in art, architecture, and design. The key characteristics of Art Nouveau are as follows: Media – Art Nouveau artists employed painting, sculpture, architecture, and decorative arts. They often used materials like glass, iron, and ceramics to create intricate designs. Styles – The style is characterized by its flowing, organic lines and motifs inspired by flowers, plants, and other natural forms. Swirling shapes and asymmetrical designs are common, utilizing harmony with nature. Purpose – Art Nouveau aimed to integrate art into everyday life. The goal was to elevate decorative arts to the same status as fine arts, making beautiful objects accessible to everyone. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Gustav Klimt, known for his richly decorative painting The Kiss, and Antoni Gaudí, an architect famous for buildings like La Sagrada Família in Barcelona, which feature fluid lines and organic forms of Art Nouveau. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 5 of 7  GE2404 20th Century Art 20th-century art movements, including Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Futurism, introduced new ways of creating art in response to rapid social and technological changes. Fauvism Fauvism was an influential art movement that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in France. The term "Fauvism" comes from the French word "fauves," meaning "wild beasts." This name reflects the vivid colors and bold brushstrokes used by the artists of this movement. The key characteristics of Fauvism are as follows: Media – Fauvists primarily used oil paints on canvas, but they also experimented with other materials and techniques. The emphasis was on color rather than detailed representation. Styles – Fauvism featured bold, non-naturalistic colors, with artists applying paint directly from the tube. This technique results in striking contrasts and vibrant compositions. Purpose – The purpose of Fauvism was not to depict the world accurately but to evoke feelings and emotions. The artists believed that color could express what words could not. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Henri Matisse, known for Woman with a Hat, and André Derain was recognized for Charing Cross Bridge. Expressionism Expressionism was an influential art movement that emerged in the early 20th century, particularly in Germany. The movement sought to express the anxieties and turmoil of the modern world. The key characteristics of Expressionism are as follows: Media – Artists employed painting, literature, theater, and film. Common media included oil paints, woodcuts, and charcoal. Styles – The style is often marked by bold colors, exaggerated forms, and distorted perspectives. This technique emphasizes feelings over realistic representation. Purpose – The primary objective was to convey emotional responses and provoke thought regarding human existence and society's issues. Significant Artists – Notable figures include Edvard Munch, whose painting The Scream epitomizes existential dread, and Wassily Kandinsky, known for his abstract works that convey spiritual experiences, such as in Composition VII. Cubism Cubism was an influential art movement that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily between 1907 and 1917. The key characteristics of Cubism are as follows: Media – Cubist artists primarily used oil paint on canvas but also experimented with collage and mixed media. They incorporated materials like newspaper clippings and patterned paper into their works. Styles – Cubism can be divided into two main phases: 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 6 of 7  GE2404 Analytic Cubism (1907-1912) emphasized deconstructing objects into geometric shapes and showing them from various angles, using a muted color palette of browns and grays. In contrast, Synthetic Cubism (1912-1914) introduced brighter colors, textures, and collage elements, resulting in more vibrant and layered artworks. Purpose – The purpose of Cubism was to challenge conventional forms of representation. It aimed to depict subjects in a way that reflected the complexity of modern life, encouraging viewers to engage with art in a new manner. Significant Artists – Notable figures include Pablo Picasso, whose work Les Demoiselles d ‘Avignon showcased fragmented forms and bold compositions, and Georges Braque, who developed Violin and Candlestick. Futurism Futurism was an influential art movement that began in Italy in the early 20th century. It emerged during a time of great technological advancements and social change. The movement focused on themes of speed, violence, and modernity. The key characteristics of Futurism are as follows: Media – Futurists experimented with painting, sculpture, and literature. They used bold colors, fragmented forms, and multiple perspectives to convey motion and energy. Styles – Art styles associated with Futurism include Cubism and Abstract art. Purpose – Futurism aimed to reject the past and celebrate the future, which inspired excitement and encouraged audiences to embrace change. Significant Artists – Umberto Boccioni, a prominent painter, and sculptor, was noted for his work The City Rises, which embodies Futurism's emphasis on dynamism and vitality, and Giacomo Balla, known for his dynamic use of color and light, as seen in his painting Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, which captures the movement of a dog and its owner. References: Bluffton. Edu. (n.d.). Rococo Art. https://www.bluffton.edu/courses/humanities/art/18c/rococo/#:~:text=Rococo%20art%2C%20sometimes%20call ed%20a,environment%2C%20excursions%20to%20romantic%20places. Davis, C. (2023, September 29). Fauvism Art & Artists: Here are 13 Iconic Paintings. TheCollector. https://www.thecollector.com/fauvism-2/. Style. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ukiy/hd_ukiy.htm. Gontar, C. (2003, October). Neoclassicism: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/neoc_1/hd_neoc_1.htm. Invaluable. 10 Art Nouveau Artists Who Defined the Movement. https://www.invaluable.com/blog/art-nouveau- artists/?srsltid=AfmBOorDZ5llXkKtKep80ErJxD1cmjDVE7jzjSuzk94v3Gh-E6SLEvKI. National Gallery of Art. (n.d.). Mannerism. https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/mannerism.html. Tate. (n.d.). Impressionism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/impressionism. Tate. (n.d.). Neo-impressionism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neo-impressionism. Tate. (n.d.). Post-impressionism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/post-impressionism. Tate. (n.d.). Symbolism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/symbolism. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 7 of 7  GE2404 EXPERIENTIAL ART Experiential art invites viewers to actively participate rather than just observe, emphasizing the experience itself. This module explores four key types of experiential art. Each section will cover the media used, styles, purposes, and significant artists associated with these forms. Installation Art Installation art refers to an artistic genre of three-dimensional works often designed for a specific place or a temporary period. Media and Styles – Installation art creates immersive environments that transform space using various materials like video, light, sound, and found objects. Styles range from minimalistic designs to elaborate constructions that engage multiple senses. Purpose – The primary purpose of installation art is to engage the viewer in sensory experience. By manipulating space and materials, artists encourage contemplation and emotional response. Installations can challenge social norms, explore cultural narratives, or comment on environmental issues. Significant Artists – Yayoi Kusama is renowned for her Infinity Mirror Rooms and Obliteration Room, which offer immersive experiences. In the Philippines, Luis E. Yee, Jr., or Junyee, is a pioneer of installation art. He was known for his work Wood Things, which features dried banana stalks and kapok pods. Body Art Body art is a form of artistic expression that uses the human body as a canvas. Media and Styles – Body art can include several media and styles, including tattoos, body painting, makeup, piercings, and even performance-based art where the body is manipulated or transformed. Body art can be vibrant or minimalistic. Purpose – Body art serves various purposes, such as personal expression, cultural significance, and challenging societal norms regarding beauty and body image. Significant Artists – Marina Abramović's performance art and body art, such as Relation in Time, focused on emotional connections through her performance and body art with her partner, Ulay. In the Philippines, Whang-od Oggay, also known as Maria Oggay, has practiced traditional tattooing since she was a teenager. Abramović and Whang-Od are influential artists who explore the connection between body and identity. Land Art Land art or Earth art emphasizes the relationship between nature and human intervention. Media and Styles – Land art utilizes natural materials found in the environment, such as soil, rocks, plants, etc. Styles can vary from large-scale installations that alter the landscape to minor, more subtle works that blend in with their surroundings. 06 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 1 of 3  GE2404 Purpose – The purpose of land art is to showcase the beauty of the natural world and provoke thoughts about environmental issues. Significant Artists – Robert Smithson was known for his iconic piece, Spiral Jetty. This massive earthwork, made from black basalt rocks and earth from the site, is found at Rozel Point in the north arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah. In the Philippines, Jose John Santos III is known for his innovative approach to art. He often combines installation art and land art. His work Order of Things No. 3 was an installation that uses natural materials to explore themes of order, chaos, and human interaction with the environment. Performance Art Performance art is a live art form that combines visual art with theatrical performance. Artists use their bodies, actions, and narratives to convey messages, often exploring themes such as identity, politics, and society. Media and Styles – Performance art can encompass various media, including acting, dance, and video. Styles can vary from dramatic to subtle and introspective, often blurring the lines between art styles. Purpose – The purpose of performance art is to engage the audience in real-time, which creates a shared experience between the performer and the viewers. Significant Artists – Yoko Ono was an influential artist whose performance works often invite audience participation, such as Cut Piece, where viewers were invited to cut pieces of her clothing. The Philippine Performing Arts Company, Inc. (PPACI) helps preserve and promote traditional Filipino culture in the Philippines. A great example is their annual production of Paghahanap, which features traditional Filipino dances mixed with modern choreography. In summary, experiential art creates opportunities for viewers to engage, reflect, and interact with the artwork. By engaging in these forms, artists challenge traditional boundaries and invite viewers to explore complex themes related to identity, environment, and society. Understanding the works of both Filipino and international artists enriches our appreciation of these diverse practices and their impact on the art world today. References: Bryan-Wilson, J. (2003). Remembering Yoko Ono’s cut piece. Oxford Art Journal, 26(1), 99–123. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/26.1.99. Philippine Cultural Foundation, Inc. (2023, October 2). Philippine Performing Arts Company, Inc. Archives https://pcfitampa.org/ppac/. CCP Encylopedia of Philippine Art. (n.d.). CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. https://epa.culturalcenter.gov.ph/3/82/2323/. Nakpil, L. G. (2018, July 29). Jose Santos III is the first Filipino in Hirshhorn Museum. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and-culture/2018/07/30/1837898/jose-santos-iii-first-filipino-hirshhorn- museum/. Pintô Art (n.d.). Your Door to Philippine Contemporary Art. https://www.pintoart.org/jose-john-santos-iii. Print, M. (2022, June 7). Conversation with Mindanao artist Junyee — Art & Market. Art & Market. https://artandmarket.net/dialogues/2020/9/7/conversation-with-mindanao-artist-junyee. Tate. (n.d.). Performance art. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/performance- art#:~:text=Artworks%20that%20are%20created%20through,or%20recorded%2C%20spontaneous%20or%20script 06 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 2 of 3  GE2404 ed. The Utah Museum of Fine Arts. (n.d.). Spiral Jetty, Robert Smithson’s Land Art Masterwork. https://umfa.utah.edu/spiral- jetty#:~:text=The%20monumental%20earthwork%20Spiral%20Jetty,1%2C500%20feet%20into%20the%20lake. 06 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 3 of 3  GE2404 ABSTRACT ART Art has evolved through various movements, each reflecting the thoughts and emotions of its time. This module explores vital movements, their characteristics, significant artists, and their contributions to art. Abstract Art Abstract Art is a style that does not depict recognizable objects or scenes. Instead, it focuses on colors, shapes, and forms to express emotions and ideas, allowing viewers to interpret the work in their own way. Below are critical movements within abstract art. Dadaism Dadaism emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction to World War I. It rejected traditional artistic values and embraced chaos, absurdity, and spontaneity. Media and Styles – Dada artists (Dadaists) used various media, including collage, assemblage, and performance art. They often incorporated everyday objects into their work to challenge conventional aesthetics. Purpose – Dadaism aimed to challenge the meaning of art and protest the rational thinking that caused war. It focused on provoking discussions instead of delivering a clear message. Significant Artist – Marcel Duchamp is one of the most famous Dada artists, known for his groundbreaking readymade sculptures like Fountain, a urinal presented as art. Surrealism Surrealism developed in the 1920s, influenced by Dadaism and the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud. It sought to explore the unconscious mind and dreams. Media and Styles – Artists often utilized painting, photography, and sculpture to explore the unconscious mind. Surrealism focused on dreamlike scenes and bizarre imagery. Purpose – Surrealists sought to break free from rational thought and explore the world of dreams and fantasies. They believed that dreams could reveal hidden truths about humanity. Significant Artist – Salvador Dalí is a crucial figure in Surrealism, known for his dreamlike landscapes and bizarre creatures, such as in his iconic painting The Persistence of Memory. Constructivism Originating in Russia in the 1920s, Constructivism was a movement that sought to create art that served a social purpose and was accessible to all. Media and Styles – Constructivist artists used materials like metal, glass, and plastic, often focusing on geometric shapes and abstract forms. The style emphasized industrial production and functionality. Purpose – Constructivists aimed to create art that served a social purpose, often promoting communist ideals. They believed that art should be accessible to everyone and reflect modern life. 06 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 1 of 3  GE2404 Significant Artist – Vladimir Tatlin is known for his Monument to the Third International, which combined art and architecture. Optical Art Optical Art, or Op Art, gained popularity in the 1960s, focusing on visual effects and optical illusions. Media and Styles – Artists used geometric patterns, vibrant colors, and precise lines to create dynamic visual experiences that seemed to move or pulse. Purpose – Op Art challenges viewers' perceptions of reality through visual techniques. It engages the audience by making them actively participate in viewing the artwork. Significant Artist – Bridget Riley is a leading figure in Op Art, known for her intricate patterns that create optical illusions, such as in her painting Movement in Squares, influencing the art world, design, architecture, and fashion. Pop Art Pop Art emerged in the 1950s and drew inspiration from popular culture, advertising, and mass media. Media and Styles – Artists used techniques like silkscreen printing and collage. The style often featured bright colors and bold graphics. Purpose – Pop artists aimed to blur the lines between high art and popular culture, challenging traditional notions of what art could be. They frequently criticized consumerism and celebrity culture. Significant Artist – Andy Warhol is the most famous Pop artist, renowned for his iconic works featuring Campbell's Soup cans and Marilyn Monroe. Minimalism Minimalism emerged in the late 1950s as a reaction against the complexity of Abstract Expressionism, focusing on simplicity and clarity. Media and Styles – Minimalist artists used basic geometric shapes, monochromatic palettes, and industrial materials. The style emphasized the artwork's form over content. Purpose – Minimalism aimed to eliminate personal expression and emotion, enabling viewers to appreciate the artwork in its purest form. Significant Artist – Donald Judd is known for his box-like sculptures, such as Untitled, emphasizing form and space. Conceptual Art Conceptual Art emerged in the 1960s, prioritizing ideas and concepts over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Media and Styles – Artists utilized various forms, including text, video, and performance. The style is characterized by its emphasis on the idea behind the work rather than the finished product. 06 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 2 of 3  GE2404 Purpose – Conceptual artists aim to provoke thought and encourage viewers to engage with ideas rather than just visual experiences. The concept behind the artwork is often more important than the finished piece. Significant Artist – Sol LeWitt is known for his artwork focusing on the idea behind the work, such as in Wall Drawing #1136. In summary, art has always reflected society, culture, and human experience. By understanding these movements, we gain insight into how artists have responded to societal changes and have pushed the boundaries of creative expression. Each movement, with its unique media, purpose, and significant artists, reflects a vital part of the ongoing discussion about what art can be and means in our world. References: Hencz, A. (2023, November 23). Op Art: What is Op Art and Famous Works. Artland Magazine. https://magazine.artland.com/art-movement-op- art/#:~:text=Op%20Art%20is%20an%20abbreviation,patterns%20and%20foreground%2Dbackground%20confusio n. Eden Gallery. (n.d.). Minimalism Art Movement: Definition & Examples. https://www.eden- gallery.com/news/minimalism-art. The Art Story. (n.d.). Pop Art Movement Overview. https://www.theartstory.org/movement/pop-art/. Tate. (n.d.). Assemblage | Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/assemblage. Tate. (n.d.-b). Conceptual art | Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/conceptual- art#:~:text=Conceptual%20art%20is%20art%20for,1960s%20to%20the%20mid%2D1970s. Tate. (n.d.). Surrealism | Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art- terms/s/surrealism#:~:text=Surrealism%20aims%20to%20revolutionise%20human,the%20disregarded%20and%20 the%20unconventional. Wolfe, S. (2023, November 23). Art movement: Constructivism. Artland Magazine. https://magazine.artland.com/art-movement-constructivism/. 06 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 3 of 3  GE2404 ART HISTORY Art is a lively reflection of human experience, showing the values and beliefs of different cultures and times. This module takes you on a journey through art movements, from ancient art to 20th-century movements. Early Modern Art The Early Modern Period connects the Renaissance to the Baroque movements. It emphasizes classical ideals and humanism, with innovations in techniques such as perspective and light. This period laid the foundation for modern artistic expression after significant social and political changes in Europe. Renaissance The Renaissance emerged after the Black Death (1347-1351) and the decline of feudalism, fueled by expanding cities and trade. This period saw a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman texts, which inspired artists and philosophers. The key characteristics of Renaissance art are as follows: Media – Artists employed oil paints, frescoes, and marble, with oil paint allowing for detailed textures and color blending. Styles – Renaissance art is characterized by realism, perspective, and complex compositions. Artists studied anatomy and light to create lifelike figures and environments. Purpose – The Renaissance art celebrated human experience and the beauty of the world, featuring religious themes alongside portraits and scenes of everyday life. Significant Artists – Notable figures include Leonardo da Vinci, known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; Michelangelo, famed for the David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling; and Raphael, celebrated with The School of Athens. Other notable artists include Titian, known for its rich colors, and Botticelli, known for The Birth of Venus, reflecting the period's fascination with mythology and beauty. Mannerism Mannerism was an artistic movement that emerged in Europe during the late Renaissance, around the 1520s, lasting into the 16th century. The key characteristics of Mannerism art are as follows: Media – Mannerist artists primarily used oil paint, fresco, and sculpture. Styles – Mannerism is characterized by elongated forms, exaggerated poses, and unusual spatial relationships. Mannerist compositions often appear unbalanced or crowded, creating a sense of tension. Purpose – The purpose of Mannerist art was to provoke thought and evoke emotion rather than portray reality, which often leads to confusion. Significant Artists – Notable figures include Parmigianino, known for Madonna with the Long Neck, and Jacopo Pontormo, recognized for The Deposition from the Cross, both showcasing the movement’s unique characteristics. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 1 of 8  GE2404 Baroque Baroque art emerged in Europe during the late 16th century and lasted into the early 18th century, following the Renaissance. The term "Baroque" is derived from the Portuguese word "barroco," meaning "irregular pearl," reflecting the ornate and elaborate style of this period. The key characteristics of Baroque art are as follows: Media – Baroque artists utilized a variety of media, such as oil paints, marble, and frescoes. Styles – Baroque artists often used chiaroscuro, which creates strong contrasts between light and dark to show depth, and tenebrism, which features dramatic lighting that highlights certain areas while leaving much in shadow. Purpose – Artists often depicted religious themes, historical events, and mythological scenes. The purpose was not only to beautify but also to convey messages and provoke thought among viewers. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Caravaggio, celebrated for his dramatic use of light and shadow in The Calling of Saint Matthew; Peter Paul Rubens, a master of color and movement in The Elevation of the Cross; and Rembrandt van Rijn, renowned for his portraits and chiaroscuro in The Night Watch. Rococo Rococo art emerged in early 18th-century France and is known for its ornate, decorative style. It often features themes of love, nature, and playful elegance. The key characteristics of Rococo art are as follows: Media – Rococo artists employed painting, sculpture, and decorative arts. Common materials included oil paints, pastels, and porcelain. Styles – The style is known for its intricate designs, soft colors, and asymmetrical shapes. Common motifs include shells, flowers, and curved lines. Artists often utilized light and delicate brushwork to create a sense of movement and playfulness. Purpose – Rococo art aimed to evoke feelings of joy and intimacy. It was often created for private spaces, such as salons and palaces, where the elite could gather and enjoy the beauty of their surroundings. Significant Artists – Notable Rococo artists include Antoine Watteau, known for his romantic scenes of outdoor festivities; François Boucher, who often depicted mythological subjects with sensuality; and Jean-Honoré Fragonard, famous for his playful and erotic works, such as The Swing. 19th Century Art The 19th century they featured key art movements that reflected social and political changes. These movements included Neoclassicism, Romanticism, and Realism, respectively. They greatly influenced the development of modern art. Neo-classicism Neo-Classicism was an artistic movement from the late 18th to early 19th century that revived classical styles from ancient Greece and Rome. The key characteristics of Neo-classicism are as follows: 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 2 of 8  GE2404 Media – Neo-Classical artists typically used oil paints, marble, and bronze. They employed techniques such as linear perspective and chiaroscuro (the treatment of light and shadow) to create depth and realism. Styles—Neo-Classicism is marked by its emphasis on symmetry, proportion, and minimalism. Artists often depict scenes from mythology, history, and literature, focusing on moral values and patriotic themes. Purpose – The primary purpose of Neo-Classical art was to educate and inspire viewers. Artworks were meant to convey moral messages and celebrate virtues such as courage, loyalty, and sacrifice. Significant Artists – Notable artists of the Neo-Classical movement include Jacques-Louis David, known for his powerful composition and historical subject in The Death of Socrates, and Jean-Auguste- Dominique Ingres, renowned for his portraits and depictions of women, like La Grande Odalisque. Romanticism Romanticism was an artistic and cultural movement that began in the late 18th century and lasted into the mid-19th century. It emerged as a reaction to the strict rules of Neoclassicism. Romantic artists sought to express their feelings and explore the beauty of the world around them. The key characteristics of Romanticism are as follows: Media – Romantic artists used oil paintings, watercolors, and lithographs. Styles – Styles varied, but common techniques included chiaroscuro and dynamic compositions that suggested movement. Romantic art often featured fantasy, mythology, and the supernatural, with nature playing a central role in stunning landscapes that highlighted its beauty and sublime elements like storms and mountains. Purpose – The movement celebrated individualism, focusing on personal experiences and the distinct perspectives of artists. Significant Artists—Notable artists include Eugène Delacroix, renowned for his vibrant work Liberty Leading the People, which symbolizes freedom and revolution, and Caspar David Friedrich, famous for his landscape Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, which evokes the beauty and mystery of nature. Realism Realism is an important art movement that emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction against Romanticism and Neoclassicism. Artists sought to represent the realities of life, focusing on the struggles and experiences of common people. The key characteristics of Realism are as follows: Media – Realist artists often used oil paints on canvas, but they also experimented with lithography and photography to capture everyday moments. Styles—Realism is characterized by detailed and unembellished depictions of subjects. Artists aimed for naturalism, using light and shadow to create depth and dimension. Purpose – The primary purpose of Realism was to portray life without idealization. This included addressing socio-political issues such as poverty, labor, and social injustice. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 3 of 8  GE2404 Significant Artists – Notable artists include Gustave Courbet, famous for The Stone Breakers, which portrays laborers at work, and Jean-François Millet, known for The Gleaners, depicting peasant women collecting leftover crops. Both artworks emphasize the dignity of manual labor. Impressionism Impressionism was a major art movement that began in late 19th-century France, known for its focus on light and color. It represented a shift from traditional art, with artists using quick brushstrokes and vibrant colors to depict everyday life and nature. The term "Impressionism" comes from Claude Monet's painting “Impression, Sunrise,” which reflects the movement's aim to capture fleeting moments. The key characteristics of Impressionism are as follows: Media – Impressionist artists often used oil paints on canvas, allowing for rich textures and colors. They employed techniques like broken color and impasto, where paint is applied thickly to create a three- dimensional effect. Styles – This movement is characterized by loose brushwork and a focus on light. Artists frequently painted en plein air (outdoors) to capture the ever-changing qualities of light and atmosphere. Purpose – The goal of Impressionism was to convey the artist's immediate perception of a scene rather than an accurate depiction. This focus on personal experience and emotion was revolutionary. Significant Artist – Notable artists include Claude Monet, known for his series capturing the same scene at different times of day, like Water Lilies, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, known for his vibrant scenes of social life and family gatherings in Luncheon of the Boating Party. Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism was an art movement that emerged in the late 19th century, roughly from 1886 to 1905, as a reaction against the limitations of Impressionism. While Impressionism focused on capturing light and color in everyday scenes, Post-Impressionists aimed to express deeper emotions and ideas through their work. The key characteristics of Post-Impressionism are as follows: Media – Artists commonly used oil paint, but they also experimented with watercolor and pastel. Styles – The movement is known for its bold colors and expressive brushwork. Artists often used thick layers of paint (impasto) to create texture. Purpose – Post-Impressionists wanted to convey more profound emotional experiences and ideas. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Vincent van Gogh, known for his swirling brushstrokes and vivid colors in Starry Night, and Paul Cézanne, who emphasized structure and form by breaking objects into geometric shapes, as seen in The Basket of Apples. Neo-Impressionism Neo-Impressionism was an art movement that emerged in the late 19th century, specifically in the 1880s. It was a reaction to Impressionism, which focused on capturing light and movement. The key characteristics of Neo-Impressionism are as follows: 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 4 of 8  GE2404 Media – Neo-Impressionist artists primarily used oil paints on canvas. They often experimented with color and texture, using small, distinct dots or strokes of paint. Styles – The most famous technique associated with Neo-Impressionism is pointillism. This style involves placing tiny dots of color next to each other, allowing the viewer's eye to blend them from a distance. Purpose – The purpose of Neo-Impressionism was to create a more dynamic and scientific representation of light and color. Artists intended to provoke emotional responses through color harmony and the arrangement of forms. Significant Artists – The movement was pioneered by Georges Seurat, who aimed to create a scientific approach to color theory. His painting A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte is a prime example of Pointillism. Paul Signac, another key figure in Post-Impressionism, also used small dots of color to create vibrant works, like The Port of Marseille. Symbolism Symbolism was an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the late 19th century, primarily in France. It aimed to express ideas and emotions through symbols rather than direct representation. This movement was a reaction against realism and naturalism, which focused on depicting the world as it is. Symbolism encourages viewers and readers to explore deeper meanings behind the artwork or text. The key characteristics of Symbolism are as follows: Media – Symbolist artists utilized poetry and theater. They often experimented with color, light, and form to evoke emotions and convey abstract ideas. Styles – The style is characterized by dreamlike imagery, vivid colors, and an emphasis on the emotional experience rather than realistic representation. Purpose – The primary purpose of Symbolism was to convey the inexpressible. Artists and writers aim to capture feelings, dreams, and the subconscious mind. It allows viewers and readers to interpret the work personally. Significant Artists – Notable figures in the Symbolist movement include artists like Paul Gauguin, Gustave Moreau, and Odilon Redon, who used fantastical subjects to provoke thought and feeling. Art Nouveau Art Nouveau was an influential art movement that emerged in the late 19th century and lasted into the early 20th century. Art Nouveau sought to create a new aesthetic that broke away from traditional forms. Its name, which means "New Art" in French, represents a desire for innovation in art, architecture, and design. The key characteristics of Art Nouveau are as follows: Media – Art Nouveau artists employed painting, sculpture, architecture, and decorative arts. They often used materials like glass, iron, and ceramics to create intricate designs. Styles – The style is characterized by its flowing, organic lines and motifs inspired by flowers, plants, and other natural forms. Swirling shapes and asymmetrical designs are common, utilizing harmony with nature. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 5 of 8  GE2404 Purpose – Art Nouveau aimed to integrate art into everyday life. The goal was to elevate decorative arts to the same status as fine arts, making beautiful objects accessible to everyone. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Gustav Klimt, known for his richly decorative painting The Kiss, and Antoni Gaudí, an architect famous for buildings like La Sagrada Família in Barcelona, which feature fluid lines and organic forms of Art Nouveau. 20th Century Art 20th-century art movements, including Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Futurism, introduced new ways of creating art in response to rapid social and technological changes. Fauvism Fauvism was an influential art movement that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in France. The term "Fauvism" comes from the French word "fauves," meaning "wild beasts." This name reflects the vivid colors and bold brushstrokes used by the artists of this movement. The key characteristics of Fauvism are as follows: Media – Fauvists primarily used oil paints on canvas, but they also experimented with other materials and techniques. The emphasis was on color rather than detailed representation. Styles – Fauvism featured bold, non-naturalistic colors, with artists applying paint directly from the tube. This technique results in striking contrasts and vibrant compositions. Purpose – The purpose of Fauvism was not to depict the world accurately but to evoke feelings and emotions. The artists believed that color could express what words could not. Significant Artists – Notable artists include Henri Matisse, known for Woman with a Hat, and André Derain, recognized for Charing Cross Bridge. Expressionism Expressionism was an influential art movement that emerged in the early 20th century, particularly in Germany. The movement sought to express the anxieties and turmoil of the modern world. The key characteristics of Expressionism are as follows: Media – Artists employed painting, literature, theater, and film. Common media included oil paints, woodcuts, and charcoal. Styles – The style is often marked by bold colors, exaggerated forms, and distorted perspectives. This technique emphasizes feelings over realistic representation. Purpose – The primary objective was to convey emotional responses and provoke thought regarding human existence and society's issues. Significant Artists – Notable figures include Edvard Munch, whose painting The Scream epitomizes existential dread, and Wassily Kandinsky, known for his abstract works that convey spiritual experiences. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 6 of 8  GE2404 Cubism Cubism was an influential art movement that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily between 1907 and 1917. The key characteristics of Cubism are as follows: Media – Cubist artists primarily used oil paint on canvas but also experimented with collage and mixed media. They incorporated materials like newspaper clippings and patterned paper into their works. Styles – Cubism can be divided into two main phases: Analytic Cubism (1907-1912) emphasized deconstructing objects into geometric shapes and showing them from various angles, using a muted color palette of browns and grays. In contrast, Synthetic Cubism (1912-1914) introduced brighter colors, textures, and collage elements, resulting in more vibrant and layered artworks. Purpose – The purpose of Cubism was to challenge conventional forms of representation. It aimed to depict subjects in a way that reflected the complexity of modern life, encouraging viewers to engage with art in a new manner. Significant Artists – Notable figures include Pablo Picasso, whose work Les Demoiselles d ‘Avignon showcased fragmented forms and bold compositions, and Georges Braque, who developed Violin and Candlestick. Futurism Futurism was an influential art movement that began in Italy in the early 20th century. It emerged during a time of great technological advancements and social change. The movement focused on themes of speed, violence, and modernity. The key characteristics of Futurism are as follows: Media – Futurists experimented with painting, sculpture, and literature. They used bold colors, fragmented forms, and multiple perspectives to convey motion and energy. Styles – Art styles associated with Futurism include Cubism and Abstract art. Purpose – Futurism aimed to reject the past and celebrate the future, which inspired excitement and encouraged audiences to embrace change. Significant Artists – Umberto Boccioni, a prominent painter, and sculptor, was noted for his work The City Rises, which embodies Futurism's emphasis on dynamism and vitality, and Giacomo Balla, known for his dynamic use of color and light, as seen in his painting Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, which captures the movement of a dog and its owner. References: Bluffton. Edu. (n.d.). Rococo Art. https://www.bluffton.edu/courses/humanities/art/18c/rococo/#:~:text=Rococo%20art%2C%20sometimes%20call ed%20a,environment%2C%20excursions%20to%20romantic%20places. Davis, C. (2023, September 29). Fauvism Art & Artists: Here are 13 Iconic Paintings. TheCollector. https://www.thecollector.com/fauvism-2/. Style. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ukiy/hd_ukiy.htm. Gontar, C. (2003, October). Neoclassicism: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York. The Metropolitan Museum 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 7 of 8  GE2404 of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/neoc_1/hd_neoc_1.htm. Invaluable. 10 Art Nouveau Artists Who Defined the Movement. https://www.invaluable.com/blog/art-nouveau- artists/?srsltid=AfmBOorDZ5llXkKtKep80ErJxD1cmjDVE7jzjSuzk94v3Gh-E6SLEvKI. National Gallery of Art. (n.d.). Mannerism. https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/mannerism.html. Tate. (n.d.). Impressionism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/impressionism. Tate. (n.d.). Neo-impressionism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neo-impressionism. Tate. (n.d.). Post-impressionism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/post-impressionism. Tate. (n.d.). Symbolism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/symbolism. 05 Handout 2A *Property of STI Page 8 of 8  GE1701 ART AND HUMANITIES Art and Humanities: Western and Filipino Concepts Frameworks and Perspective Two (2) General Fields of Learning  The Sciences – deals with natural, physical phenomena  The Humanities – deals with human phenomena Thinkers whose Thoughts were the Basis of Method in the Humanities  Socrates, 469-399 BC – “Know thyself.”  Augustine, 354-430 AD – “Withdraw into yourself truth dwells in the inner man.”  Thales of Miletus, 620-546 BC – “A scientist tends to know everything about the world that he forgets to know anything about himself.”  Confucius 555-479 BC – “The Great Sage” Wise Man The Place of Humanities in the History of Western Civilization Ancient 800 BC  Cosmocentric View  Protagoras: Man is the measure of all things  Geocentrism: Man is at the center of the universe. 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 8  GE1701 Medieval 300 AD  Theocentric View  Scholasticism: Man is created in the image of God. Man is at the center of creation Renaissance 1400  Anthropocentric View  Humanism: Nothing is more wonderful than man. Modern 1600  Scientific-Technocentric View  Man is a part of nature Postmodern 1960  Eclectic View  Man is a piece of everything. Humanistic discipline  History – Human events happening in the world  Language – Written and oral forms of human communication  Philosophy – Human reason concerning reality  Art – Admiration (Art Appreciation) of human-made objects and the human creativity (Art creation) by which these objects are made. The word “art” comes from the Latin word “ars” which means skillful production or performance. There are two (2) types of art: the liberal art which are associated to artists who make art related to Fine Arts as a professional and academic and considered as the major art. They could be architect, sculptors, and painters; the servile art which, on the other hand, are related to making crafts and considered as the minor art. They could be stone cutter, and are called artisans. Western Concept of Art  Academic – only schooled people are artists  Elitist – meant for the higher social class  Hierarchical – liberal art and servile art, high and low art, major art and minor art or craft, fine art and practical art, folk art, indigenous art, popular art Western Classification of the Arts  Major Art – Made by artists and primarily concerned with the form of beauty  Minor Art or Craft – made by artisans and concerned with functionality and usefulness of human- made objects (artifacts) 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 8  GE1701 The Seven (7) Major Arts in Western Civilization Visual  Painting  sculpture  Architecture Performing  Music  Dance  Drama Linguistic  Literature Minor Arts: Crafts  Ceramics  Weaving  Sewing  Handicraft  Carpentry  Masonry  Stone Cutting  Gardening  Cooking The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao) The Jar and the Filipino Personhood Labas – ulo and dibdib Loob – isip and damdamin Lalim – kaluluwa and budhi Labas ng Pagkatao - Katawan (Physical) – kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim), tindig (matangkad, pandak),ilong (matangos,pango), dibdib (malapad, malaki) 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  st