Hazardous Materials PDF

an sm Domain 7 Environmental Management i 7.38% rO es od g.M En 1 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  Hazardous Materials...

an sm Domain 7 Environmental Management i 7.38% rO es od g.M En 1 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  Hazardous Materials an A hazardous material is any solid, liquid, A hazardous waste is defined as a “solid waste” or gas that can harm people, other living that, because of its quantity, concentration, or organisms, property, or the environment. physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics, A hazardous material may be radioactive, may: sm flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, a Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to biohazard, an oxidizer, an asphyxiant, or human health or the environment when improperly an allergen. treated, stored, or disposed of, or otherwise mismanaged Cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or rO an increase in irreversible or incapacitating illness. A solid waste is defined as any discarded material Plasma is a gas in which a certain portion of that is abandoned by being disposed of, burned, or the particles are ionized. incinerated, recycled. Plasma is electrically conductive so that it A solid waste can physically be a solid, liquid, i responds strongly to electromagnetic fields. es Is considered to be a distinct state of matter. semisolid, or container of gaseous material. Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of od Density: The density of matter is equal to its a material to the density of water mass per unit volume. (d = m/v) (SGx dx /d H O 2 ). If SG 1 ,heavier than water will sink.M Solubility is the property of a chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a liquid Vapor Density VD : Weight of a unit volume of solvent to form a homogeneous solution. g gas or vapor compared to the weight of an Solubility depends on the used solvent as well equal volume of air. as on temperature and pressure. En VD 1 are heavier than air, tend to concentrate in low places. 2 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  Physical Hazards Results when a worker is surrounded and overcome by a granular substance such as soil, sand, gravel, sawdust, seed, grain, or flour or if submerged in a liquid such as water or a chemical Engulfment Can cause injury or death by constriction, crushing, or strangulation. Respiratory hazards associated include suffocation from breathing in a fine substance or from drowning in a liquid. Occur as a result of an increase in the ambient temperature surrounding a container or other systematic Overpressurization failures. The results could be fires and explosions. Increase in temperature will result in an increase in pressure(combined gas law) Chemical reactions. Ignition of explosive or flammable chemicals Fires and Explosions an Agitation of shock- or friction-sensitive compounds. Sudden release of materials under pressure Is the disintegration of an engineered material into its constituent atoms owing to chemical reactions with its surroundings.Or electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen. Corrosion Rusting is Formation of an oxide of iron caused by oxidation of the iron atoms in solid solution Corrosion can be concentrated locally to form a pit or crack, or it can extend across a wide area more or less uniformly corroding the surface. sm Thermal Decomposition Refers to the by-products of incomplete combustion such as carbon monoxide gases. Water-sensitive chemicals are chemicals that react vigorously with moisture. This reaction can result in extreme heats and can be potentially flammable, corrosive, toxic, or reactive. Water Reactivity rO Example sodium, potassium, lithium metals, and aluminum alkyls Regulations i Regulates hazardous waste “from cradle to grave,” including generation, treatment, storage, and disposal Resource Conservation and Recovery es Establishing requirements for hazardous waste incinerators, and the closing of substandard landfills Act (1976) RCRA regulate underground storage tanks and other leaking waste storage facilities. Comprehensive Environmental Established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites Response, Compensation, and Provided for liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites Liability Act (CERCLA) Established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party could be identified od (Superfund) The law authorizes two kinds of response actions Short&Long term actions. Stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites. Superfund Amendment and Provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools.& Increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5 Reauthorization Act (SARA) billion. Increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites & Encouraged greater.M citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up. Emergency Planning and Community Inact as an outgrowth of concern over the protection of the public from chemical emergencies Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and dangers. g No one may sell, distribute, or use a pesticide unless it is registered by the EPA or meets a specific exemption. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Registration includes approval by the EPA of the pesticide’s label Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) EPA must classify each pesticide as either “general use,” “restricted use,” or both. most pesticides are initially classified as restricted use. En Asbestos Model Accreditation Plan (40 CFR Part 763, Appendix C) required the use of accredited inspectors, Asbestos Hazard Emergency workers, supervisors when conducting asbestos activities at schools and public and commercial buildings. Response Act (1986) The EPA only requires removal of asbestos to prevent significant public exposure during demolition or renovation. 3 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  an sm Hazardous Waste Operations A key factor is: the uncontrolled condition of the site. rO large variety and number of substances that may be present on the site. First and most critical element of hazardous waste operations. Planning and Involves three aspects: developing an overall organizational structure for site operations, Organization establishing a comprehensive work plan that considers each specific phase of the operation, and developing and implementing a site safety and health plan. i Site safety plan Safe work practices Nature of anticipated hazards Handling emergencies es and self-rescue Rules and regulations for vehicle Safe use of field equipment Handling, Training storage, and transportation of hazardous materials. Employee rights and responsibilities Safe sampling techniques Develop on the basis of the specific needs, location, and potential exposures of employees at the site.and include the following : Surveillance( Preemployment screening Periodic medical examinations Termination od Medical Program examination). Treatment ( Emergency Nonemergency) Record Keeping Program Review Site Characterization Prior to site entry, conduct offsite characterization. gather information away from the site Onsite surveys. During this phase, restrict site entry to reconnaissance personnel..M to identify hazards and workers protection methodsn Ongoing monitoring to provide a continuous source of information about site conditions. Reliable measurements of airborne contaminants are useful for: Selecting personal protective equipment Air Monitoring Delineating areas where protection is needed Assessing the potential health effects of exposure g Determining the need for specific medical monitoring The purpose of PPE is to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and Personal Protective En biologic Equipment hazards that may be encountered at a hazardous waste site. The purpose of site control is to minimize potential contamination of workers, protect Site Control the public from the site’s hazards, and prevent vandalism. The process of removing or neutralizing contaminants that have accumulated on personnel or equipment. Decontamination protects workers from hazardous substances that may contaminate and eventually permeate the protective clothing, respiratory equipment, tools, vehicles, and other equipment used on site. 4 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  an sm rO i es od g.M En 5 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  Environmental Management The National Environmental Policy Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) an Act (NEPA) Duties functions: NEPA process consists of an evaluation of the environmental effects of a federal undertaking Gathering information on the conditions and trends including its alternatives. Three levels of sm in environmental quality. analysis: Evaluating federal programs in light of the goals established in Title I of the Act. Developing and promoting national policies to improve environmental quality. Categorical Exclusion: At the first level, an Conducting studies, surveys, research, and analyses rO undertaking may be categorically excluded from a relating to ecosystems and environmental quality. detailed environmental analysis if it meets certain criteria that a federal agency has previously determined as having no significant environmental impact. EA/FONSI(Environmental Assessment/Finding Of No i Significant Impact): At the second level of analysis, a es federal agency prepares a written EA to determine whether or not a federal undertaking would significantly affect the environment. EIS(Environmental Impact Statements): If the EA od determines that the environmental consequences of a proposed federal undertaking may be significant, an EIS is prepared. g.M En 6 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCRA. Nation’s primary law governing the disposal of an solid and hazardous waste. RCRA focuses only on active and future facilities and does not address abandoned or historical sites that are managed under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and sm Liability Act—commonly known as Superfund. Protecting human health and the environment Programs from the potential hazards of waste disposal Conserving energy and natural resources rO Reducing the amount of waste generated Ensuring that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner The solid waste program, under RCRA Subtitle D, encourages states to develop comprehensive plans to i manage nonhazardous industrial solid waste and RCRA regulatory requirements: es municipal solid waste (MSW), sets criteria for MSW landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, and prohibits the open dumping of solid waste. The hazardous waste program, under RCRA Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste od Subtitle C, establishes a system for controlling Universal Waste hazardous waste from the time it is generated until its Used Oil Management Standards ultimate disposal. USTs The underground storage tank (UST) program,.M under RCRA Subtitle I, regulates USTs containing hazardous substances and petroleum products. RCRA excludes some substances. Examples are domestic sewage, irrigation return flow, point source discharge, certain mining waste, special nuclear, and other materials. g En 1- commercial chemical products, designated with the code “P” or “U”(toxic constituents) RCRA hazardous 2- hazardous wastes from specific industries/sources, designated with the code “K” wastes 3-hazardous wastes from nonspecific sources, designated with the code “F” 4- materials that exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity) designated with the code “D. 7 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  1- Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Solid waste means any garbage or refuse; sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility; and other discarded an material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained Regulation (40 CFR Part 262) gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities. Solid wastes include both hazardous and sm Establishes the responsibilities of hazardous waste nonhazardous waste. generators, including obtaining an identification number, preparing a manifest, ensuring proper packaging and labeling, meeting standards for waste Hazardous Waste. waste may be considered hazardous accumulation units, and record-keeping and if it is Ignitable (have a flash point less than 140 °F), rO reporting requirements. Generators can accumulate Corrosive(acids (pH ≤ 2)or bases (pH ≥ 12.5) capable of hazardous waste for up to 90 days (or 180 days corroding metal containers,), or Reactive (e.g., explosive, depending on the amount of waste generated) toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated). Toxic without obtaining a permit for being a treatment, chemicals (harmful or fatal when ingested, inhaled or storage, and disposal (TSD) facility. absorbed through the skin.). i Acute hazardous wastes contain such dangerous es chemicals that they could pose a threat to human health and the environment even when properly managed. Land Disposal Restrictions(LDRs) Hazardous Waste and Agriculture od (LDRs) are regulations prohibiting the disposal of hazardous waste on land without Irrigation return flows are not considered hazardous waste. prior treatment..M Agricultural producers disposing of waste pesticides from Wastes subject to the LDR include solvents, their own use are exempt from hazardous waste requirements electroplating wastes, heavy metals, and as long as : acids. (1) They triple rinse the emptied containers in accordance with the labeling to facilitate removal of the chemical from the g container and. (2) They dispose of the pesticide residue on their own agricultural establishment in a manner consistent with the disposal instructions on the pesticide label. En Offsite disposal of hazardous waste could subject agricultural producers to hazardous waste generator requirements. 8 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  2- Universal Waste Designed to reduce the amount of hazardous waste items in the MSW stream, encourage recycling and proper disposal of certain common hazardous wastes, and reduce the regulatory burden on businesses that generate these an wastes. The universal waste rule does not apply to businesses that generate less than 100 kg of universal wastes per month.(CESQG). sm Batteries (Ni–Cd) and small sealed leadacid batteries, That have been recalled or banned from use are obsolete, Agricultural Pesticides have become damaged, or are no longer needed because of rO changes in cropping patterns or other factors Thermostats Which can contain as much as 3 g of liquid mercury i es 3- Used Oil Management Standards Agricultural producers who generate an average of 25 gal or less per month od from vehicles or machinery per calendar year Is any oil (either synthetic or refined from crude oil) that has are exempt from these regulations. been used and, as a result of such use, is contaminated by Exceeding 25 gal are required to store it in physical or chemical impurities (dirt, metal scrapings, water, tanks meeting underground or above- or chemicals)..M ground technical requirements and use To meet EPA’s definition of used oil, a substance must meet transporters with EPA authorization each of the following three criteria: numbers for removal from the agricultural establishment. g Used oil must have been refined from crude oil or made from synthetic materials. Origin Animal and vegetable oils are excluded from EPA’s definition of used oil. En Whether and how the oil is used(lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, Use buoyants). Unused oils, such as bottom clean-out waste from virgin fuel oil storage tanks or virgin fuel oil recovered from a spill, do not meet EPA’s definition of used oil Whether or not the oil is contaminated with either physical or chemical impurities. Contaminants Physical contaminants could include metal shavings, sawdust, or dirt. Chemical contaminants could include solvents, halogens, or salt water. 9 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  4- Underground Storage Tanks UST system is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10% of its an combined volume underground. Exclusion from regulation sm Farm and residential tanks of 1100 gal or less USTs and Agriculture capacity holding motor fuel used for noncommercial USTs and their associated piping holding purposes less than 1100 gal of motor fuel for Tanks storing heating oil used on the premises noncommercial purposes, tanks holding rO where it is stored less than 110 gal, tanks holding heating Tanks on or above the floor of underground areas, oil used on the premises, and septic tanks such as basements or tunnels are excluded from regulations. Septic tanks and systems for collecting storm water and wastewater Flow-through process tanks i Tanks of 110 gal or less capacity es Emergency spill and overfill tanks od Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure.M TSCA addresses the production, importation, use, and disposal of specific chemicals including polychlorinated TCLP is a procedure used to determine if a biphenyls, asbestos, radon, and lead based paint. waste is characteristic of metals (or toxins) that Certain substances are generally excluded from TSCA, would make it hazardous. The procedure including, among others, food, drugs, cosmetics, and essentially involves diluting a material 20 times g pesticides. its weight with nitric acid and tumbling the Substances on the TSCA Inventory are considered mixture for 24 hours. The leachate is then En “existing” chemicals. and substances not on the TSCA analyzed for trace material. If the leachate tests above the established thresholds, the waste is Inventory are considered “new” chemicals. determined to be hazardous. 10 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Registration Criteria Its composition is such as to warrant the an The objective (FIFRA) is to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. proposed claims for it. Before EPA can register a pesticide that is used on raw Its labeling and other material required to be agricultural products, it must grant a tolerance or exemption. submitted comply with the requirements of A tolerance is the maximum amount of a pesticide that can be the Act. sm on a raw product when it is used and still be considered safe. It will perform its intended function without EPA is required to periodically review pesticide registrations, unreasonable adverse effects on the with a goal of review every 15 years. environment. Variations of the registration requirements exist for “minor When used in accordance with widespread use pesticides,” “antimicrobial pesticides,” and “reduced risk and commonly recognized practice, it will not rO pesticides.” generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. Technical information like product’s active and inert ingredients, manufacturing Product chemistry i or formulating processes, and physical and chemical characteristics. es Data used to assess the effects of pesticide residues on the environment, Environmental fate including the effect on non target organisms and their habitat. od Expected frequency, amounts,and time of application, and test results of residue Residue chemistry remaining on treated food or feed. Information under “hazards to humans, domestic animals, and nontarget.M organisms” includes specific test data assessing acute, subchronic, and chronic Other Information toxicity; skin and eye irritation potential; and potential exposure by various routes. g Unreasonable Adverse Effects on the Environment En (1) Any unreasonable risk to man or the environment, taking into account the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the use of the pesticide, or (2) A human dietary risk from residues that result from a use of a pesticide in or on any food inconsistent with the standard under Section 408 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 11 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH  Clean Air Act of 1970-CAA CAA regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. EPA establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of an hazardous air pollutants. Major sources are defined as a stationary source or group of stationary sources that emit or have the potential to emit 10 tons per year or more of a hazardous air pollutant or 25 tons per year or more of a combination of sm hazardous air pollutants. Area source is any stationary source that is not a major source. rO Clean Air Act of 1990-CAA i es Cover 3 risks : acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air emissions. One component of urban smog—hydrocarbons—comes from automobile emissions, petroleum refineries, chemical plants, dry cleaners, gasoline stations, house painting, and printing shops. Another key component—nitrogen oxides—comes from the combustion of fuel for od transportation, utilities, and industries. The new law addresses the urban air pollution problems of ozone (smog),carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM-10). Specifically, it clarifies how areas are designated and redesignated “attainment. pollutant ozone, area classifications are marginal, moderate, serious, severe, and extreme..M Toxic air pollutants are those pollutants that are hazardous to human health or the environment. typically carcinogens, mutagens, and reproductive toxins. Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions are transformed in the atmosphere and return to the earth in rain, fog, or snow g Operating permits program:Each permit issued to a facility will be for a fixed term of up to 5 years. En All sources subject to the permit program must submit a complete permit application within 12 months of the effective date of the program. The state permitting authority must determine whether or not to approve an application within 18 months of the date it receives the application. EPA has 45 days to review each permit and to object to permits that violate the CAA. 12 Modesir Osman -IdipNEBOSH