Psychological Disorders PDF

Psychological disorders KARTINI ILIAS FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, UiTM  Studying Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Lecture Overview Schizophrenia Other Disorders How Gender and Culture Affect A...

Psychological disorders KARTINI ILIAS FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, UiTM  Studying Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Lecture Overview Schizophrenia Other Disorders How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behavior  Abnormal behavior refers to patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological for one or more of these reasons: Studying statistical infrequency, Psychological disability or dysfunction, Disorders: personal distress, violation of norms. The 4 criteria  In ancient times, people believed that demons were the cause of abnormal behavior. In the 1790’s there arose the beginning of Historical the medical model, which emphasizes disease and illness. perspective: Seven major perspectives on abnormal behavior as seen today;  Overview: The DSM is a standardized classification tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental health disorders. Classifying Developed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), it provides: Abnormal Clear diagnostic criteria to ensure consistency Behaviors across clinicians. A common language for research and practice. Guidelines for assessment of mental health disorders, focusing on symptoms, duration, and impact.  Historical Context DSM-I (1952): Focused on psychoanalytic theories. DSM-II (1968): Emphasized symptom categorization. DSM-III (1980): Introduced a multiaxial system. DSM-IV-TR (2000): Refined categories and included cultural considerations. DSM-5 (2013): Shifted to dimensional models, integrating cultural and developmental perspectives.  Structure: The DSM-5 organizes mental disorders into groups based on shared characteristics. Key updates include: Removal of the multiaxial system (Axes I-V). Consolidation of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Introduction of disorders like Hoarding Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). What are the pros and cons of labeling someone with a diagnosis from the DSM?  Anxiety disorders involve Anxiety excessive fear or anxiety that is disproportionate to the situation Disorders: and interferes with daily life.  Types, Symptoms, and Contributing Factors i- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Symptoms: Persistent worry about various aspects of life (e.g., work, health, relationships). Physical symptoms include restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping. Factors: Biological: Genetic predisposition, overactivity of brain regions like the amygdala. Psychological: Maladaptive thinking patterns, heightened sensitivity to threats. Environmental: Chronic stress or traumatic experiences.  ii- Panic Disorder Symptoms: Sudden panic attacks characterized by chest pain, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, fear of dying, or losing control. Factors: Biological: Abnormal functioning of the brain’s fear circuits. Psychological: Catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations.  iii- Phobias Symptoms: Intense and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (e.g., fear of flying, heights, or spiders). Avoidance behaviors are common. Factors: Biological: Evolutionary predispositions (e.g., fear of snakes). Environmental: Conditioning experiences (e.g., a traumatic event involving the feared object).  iv- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Symptoms: Obsessions: Recurrent, intrusive thoughts (e.g., fear of contamination). Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors (e.g., excessive hand-washing) aimed at reducing anxiety. Factors: Biological: Abnormal serotonin activity, dysfunction in brain areas like the orbitofrontal cortex. Psychological: Perfectionism, need for control.  In general: disturbances of affect; 2 main types of Mood Disorders: Mood Major Depressive Disorder: Long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel Disorders: pleasure, or maintain interest in life; Bipolar Disorder: Repeated episodes of mania and depression.  Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Symptoms: Persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, appetite changes, and suicidal thoughts. Factors: Biological: Imbalances in serotonin and norepinephrine. Psychological: Negative cognitive patterns (e.g., hopelessness). Environmental: Stressful life events, lack of social support  Bipolar Disorder Symptoms: Alternating episodes of mania (elevated mood, increased activity, impulsivity) and depression (low energy, hopelessness). Factors: Biological: Genetic predisposition, irregular dopamine activity. Environmental: Stressful or traumatic life events can trigger episodes.  Key Differences Between Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Major Depressive Feature Bipolar Disorder Disorder Mania, hypomania, and Mood Episodes Depression only depression Any age, but peaks in the Onset Typically, late teens to early 20s mid-20s Duration of Alternating episodes, with Continuous depressive Symptoms euthymia episodes Antidepressants, Treatment Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics psychotherapy Genetic Heritability Higher Moderate  Schizophrenia: Group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in: perceptions (hallucinations), language (word salad), thoughts (delusions), emotion behavior; Schizophrenia Description: Spectrum Severe disorders characterized by and distorted thinking, perception, and Psychotic emotional responses. Disorders  Symptoms and Contributing Factors: Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices), delusions (e.g., paranoid beliefs). Negative Symptoms: Reduced emotional expression, social withdrawal. Cognitive Symptoms: Impaired memory and decision-making Factors: Biological: Genetic predisposition (50% concordance in identical twins), dopamine dysregulation. Environmental: Prenatal exposure to infections, stress.  Inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that Personality cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning; Disorders  1- Antisocial Personality Disorder- exhibits egocentrism, a lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, and manipulation of others; Factors: biological factors: defects in brain activity, or genetic predisposition; psychological factors: disturbed family relationships;  2. Borderline Personality Disorder: exhibits impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image; Causes of BPD: psychological factors: childhood history of neglect and abuse; emotional deprivation; biological factors: genetic; impaired functioning of frontal lobes;  3- Dissociative Disorders critical elements of personality split apart. Dissociative Identity Disorder- at least two separate and distinct personalities exist within the same person at the same time; – a childhood history of extreme repeated trauma found in most cases.  Substance-related Disorder: when use of a drug interferes with social or occupational functioning, and drug tolerance or withdrawal Other symptoms occur. Disorders: People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer from other psychological disorders, a condition known as comorbidity.  Gender and Depression: Women are more likely than men to suffer depressive How Gender symptoms. and Culture Why? Women may inherit a genetic or Affect hormonal predisposition toward depression & society’s socialization processes may Abnormal reinforce certain behaviors that increase the Behavior chances for depression.  Culture and Schizophrenia: Many symptoms are culturally general but significant differences also exist across cultures in prevalence, form, onset, prognosis.  Culture and Abnormal Behavior Culture-general symptoms: symptoms that are useful in diagnosing disorders across all cultures;  Culture-bound symptoms: people learn to express their problems in ways acceptable to others in the same culture;