Heart & Breath & Temperature & Hunger Biopsychology Lecture Notes PDF

Heart Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski Recap Pain  Pain perception and nociceptors  Pain therapy Immune system  Innate vs. adaptive immune system  B vs. T lymphocytes  Vaccination Stress  Fight vs. flight  HPA-axis...

Heart Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski Recap Pain  Pain perception and nociceptors  Pain therapy Immune system  Innate vs. adaptive immune system  B vs. T lymphocytes  Vaccination Stress  Fight vs. flight  HPA-axis University of Europe for Applied Sciences Semester schedule 1 Introduction + Central nervous system 28.10.2024 2 Peripheral nervous system + Neurons 04.11.2024 3 Drugs + Psychiatric disorders + Sensory system 1 11.11.2024 4 Sensory system 2 + Movement + Pain 1 18.11.2024 5 Pain 2 + Immune system + Stress 25.11.2024 6 Heart + Breath + Hunger 02.12.2024 7 Sleep + Sexuality + Genetics 09.12.2024 8 Methods + Recap 16.12.2024 University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Brainstorming What associations do you have with the heart? https://www.openpetition.de/petition/online/aufbau-eines-epilepsie-zentrums-in-bayreuth-oberfranken University of Europe for Applied Sciences Cardiac Circulatory System University of Europe for Applied Sciences Cardiovascular system Function Provide body with oxygen and nutrients (vitamins, hormones, proteins...) Blood vessels:  Veins: carry blood to the heart  Arteries: carry blood away from the heart  Capillaries: small vessels that connect arteries and veins and serve the exchange of substances  Vessels are responsible for removing „waste“ (e.g. carbon dioxide) from cells University of Europe for Applied Sciences Cardiovascular system 2 circulation processes Small circulation „pulmonary circulation“  Starting from right side of the heart  O2/CO2 exchange Large circulation „body circulation“  Starting from left side of the heart  O2 and nutrient transport https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph- modules/ph/ph709_heart/ph709_heart2.html University of Europe for Applied Sciences Cardiovascular system 2 circulation processes Small circulation „pulmonary circulation“  Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs  Oxygenated blood from the lungs -> left ventricle Large circulation „body circulation“  Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries  Deoxygenated blood from the body -> veins -> great vena cava -> right ventricle Exchange between blood and tissue in capillaries University of Europe for Applied Sciences Heart Position and structure thieme.com https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cardiovascular/heart/structure.html University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Video Heart and circulatory system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWFyxn0qDEU University of Europe for Applied Sciences Heart Heartbeat and heart cycle Stimulation  Sinoatrial node ("pacemaker of the heart") Rhythmic contraction  Ejection of blood (systole) from the ventricles (heart chambers) to the periphery  Filling (diastole) of the ventricles (heart chambers), state of relaxation Volume changes during the cardiac cycle University of Europe for Applied Sciences Research Please work out on your own what blood pressure is. Please answer the following questions:  How does blood pressure develop?  How is it measured?  Which values are normal, which are not?  When and how do abnormal blood pressure values occur? What factors influence them? Present your results. University of Europe for Applied Sciences Blood pressure Overview Heart pumps blood through the body  Pumping puts pressure on the walls of blood vessels = blood pressure Blood pressure varies, depending on heart relaxation and contraction (two numbers during measurement)  Systolic blood pressure: indicates pressure when blood is pressing against artery walls when heart contracts  Diastolic blood pressure: indicates pressure when heart muscle is resting between contractions University of Europe for Applied Sciences Blood pressure Overview https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings University of Europe for Applied Sciences Blood pressure Overview Hypertension: high blood pressure  Heart works harder to move blood in body - increases with age  Stiffness of large arteries -> arteriosclerosis  Long-term creation of plaque  Cardiac and vascular diseases Hypotension: low blood pressure  Chronic asymptomatic hypotension: permanently low blood pressure without complaints and need for treatment  Orthostatic hypotension: often occurs when standing up/sitting down, few seconds to minutes - more common in older people  Neurally mediated hypotension: often occurs after long standing or in exciting situations - more common in children and younger adults  Severe hypotension: associated with shock (blood pressure drops so much that kidneys, brain etc. cannot perform their functions) University of Europe for Applied Sciences Heart diseases University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Brainstorming What heart diseases do you know? What are they characterized by? University of Europe for Applied Sciences Heart diseases Cardiac arrest After 4 sec: functional disturbances in Overview the brain After 8-12 sec unconsciousness Hypo or hypertension – low or high blood pressure After 8-10 min irreversible brain damage Arteriosclerosis  Deposits on the arteries walls -> Loss of elasticity and constriction (e.g. due to obesity, nicotine, alcohol) Angina pectoris (chest tightness)  Pressure/pain behind the sternum, especially during physical exertion due to low supply of the heart muscles through the coronary arteries, without this musculature being permanently damaged Heart attack  Occlusion of coronary vessels and death of heart muscle tissue due to oxygen deficiency Heart failure  Inability of the heart to pump enough blood into the arteries or take up enough from the veins due to valvular defects, inflammation (myocarditis), etc.; water retention, shortness of breath University of Europe for Applied Sciences Breath Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski  Video Respiration system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4sQ9lDZ1kI University of Europe for Applied Sciences Breath Overview Lung respiration as "external" and cell respiration as "internal respiration" Need for oxygen for energy production combustion, i.e. oxidative (oxygen-related) decomposition of nutrients Goal of respiration  Absorb oxygen (O2): consumption of approx. 300ml oxygen per minute  Remove carbon dioxide (CO2): production of approx. 250 ml carbon dioxide per minute University of Europe for Applied Sciences Breathing Steps of the oxygen transport Ventilation of the lungs  transport of oxygen to lung alveoli Exchange of gas: O2 from alveoli into blood vessels through capillaries – binds to red blood cells Diffusion of O2 rich blood into the blood, then tissue/organs to the "end user“ [subsequently analogous removal of carbon dioxide] https://medictests.com/units/oxygenation- University of Europe for Applied Sciences ventilation-and-respiration Breathing Breathing center Basic rhythm of respiration by neuron populations (promote and inhibit each other) in the medulla oblongata and adjacent brain sections (respiratory center) Respiratory drive during muscle work  Detection of the increased carbon dioxide concentration in the blood through chemoreceptors  Information transported to medulla University of Europe for Applied Sciences Breathing Overview of diseases Eupnea  Normal resting breathing Tachy/bradypnea  Increase/decrease in respiratory rate Hypo/hyperventilation  Decrease/increase in alveolar ventilation, which is below/above the respective metabolic demand Asthma bronchiale  Constriction of airways due to inflammation, hyper-reactive bronchial system University of Europe for Applied Sciences Warmth budget Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski Human body temperature Overview Thermoregulatory heat generation  Heat as a waste product of metabolism  Heat due to movement or involuntary muscle activity (cold shivering) Diurnal cycle fluctuations (approx. 1 °C)  Lowest in the morning, highest in the afternoon Changes in physical activity  Core temperature increase, e.g. due to https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/skin- shivering system/functions-in-thermoregulation  Drop in shell temperature, e.g. due to sweating University of Europe for Applied Sciences Vocabulary Thermoreception:  Regulated through nerve cells that provide information for the hypothalamus, peripheral and central thermoreceptors Hypothalamus:  Body‘s thermostat, regulates temperature -> homeostasis Afferent & efferent:  Thermoregulation involves afferent sensing (receptors identify whether the core temperature is too hot or cold) - central control (hypothalamus) - efferent response (put on a coat, moving into the shade on hot days) Hyperthermia:  Unregulated elevated body temperature – imbalance between heat loss and production Hypothermia:  Drop in core body temperature below 35°C University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Video Thermoregulation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJhsyS4lTW0 University of Europe for Applied Sciences Hunger Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski  Brainstorming Discuss the following statement: We eat when our energy reserves are below a certain "set-point“.  How does that match with eating disorders such as adipositas, anorexia or bulimia? University of Europe for Applied Sciences The nervous system Nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Brain Spinal cord Autonomic Somatic nervous nervous system system Enteric Sympathetic Parasympathetic University of Europe for Applied Sciences Enteric nervous system System of neurons in the gastrointestinal tract Can act independently from CNS “Second brain” – due to its complexity Able to detect bacteria in our food – regulates and induces processes like vomiting or diarrhea University of Europe for Applied Sciences Digestion University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Reading Please read the provided text ”06_The digestive system“ and summarize the single steps of digestion together with your neighbor (approx. 20 - 30 min.) University of Europe for Applied Sciences Food intake, processing, excretion Overview Conversion of food ingested during meals into its components Absorption in the blood Why do we eat? - provide us with energy to survive and for working body functions https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS%3A_Basic_Foundation_of_Nutri tion_for_Sports_Performance_(Byerley)/03%3A_Digestion_and_Absorption/3.03%3A_The_Digestion_a University of Europe for Applied Sciences nd_Absorption_Process Food intake, processing, excretion Single steps of digestion Chewing  Reflexive or voluntary rhythmic movement: sideways, forwards, backwards, up and down (chewing cycle)  Triggered by contact stimuli of food particles  Motor center of chewing in brainstem (not in cortex) Salivation  Approx. 1l saliva/day  Cleaning and desinfecting (e.g. teeth against caries) as well as dilution of food (mushy), taste perception Swallowing  Voluntary preparation of food on the middle of the tongue and shifting to the base of the tongue  Tongue passes food into throat and into the esophagus University of Europe for Applied Sciences Food intake, processing, excretion Single steps of digestion Stomach  Food is mixed with enzymes – breaking down food into usable form by strong acids and enzymes Small intestine  Duodenum: further process of breaking down through enzymes from pancreas  Jejunum and ileum: responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream  Liver: „chemical factory“ - processes absorbed nutrients into chemicals that the body needs – detoxifies harmful chemicals  When nutrients are absorbed -> large intestine (colon) Large intestine  Connects small intestine to rectum  Processes unusable waste products – water is removed – stool needs around 36h to move through the colon Rectum  Excretion of stool from colon University of Europe for Applied Sciences Bowel and defecation Controlled by the intestinal nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system and somatomotor system Bowel incontinence through the rectum and anal canal/anus  Opening of the internal (involuntary) sphincter when the rectum is filled  Urge to defecate  If emptying does not occur immediately, the internal sphincter contracts again, the rectum continues to fill, the urge to defecate stops for the time being Intestinal emptying (defecation)  Opening of the external (voluntary) sphincter of the rectum  Reflex contraction of the end sections of the colon  Flaccidity of both sphincters  Increase of pressure in the service room (abdominal pressing)  Lowering of the pelvic floor  Excretion of the fecal column University of Europe for Applied Sciences Urinary system Overview Kidney  Elimination of waste products accumulated in the body metabolism  Keeping the salt content in the extracellular fluids constant 1. Adrenal gland 2. Renal artery 3. Renal vein 4. Kidney cortex 5. Kidney marrow 6. Kidney pyramid 7. Renal pelvis Lower urinary tract 8. Ureter – transport urine from one kidney to the urinary bladder 9. Urinary bladder – temporarily store urine 10. Urethra – tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body University of Europe for Applied Sciences Urinary incontinence and micturition Excretion of excess extracellular fluid by the kidney  Filter around 1.500 l of blood in 24h – produce 1-2 l urine Peristaltic movements of the ureteral wall to move urine toward the urinary bladder Collection of urine in the urinary bladder Stretch receptors trigger urinary urgency when filled Urinary continence due to internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincter muscle Urinary bladder emptying (micturition) by relaxation of the parasympathetically innervated internal sphincter (additionally controlled in the brainstem) and the somatically innervated external sphincter University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Video Summary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HW1_0LSJIwc University of Euopre for Applied Sciences Energy and Theories University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Research On your own, research what food helps us take the following ingredients:  Carbohydrates  Fats  Proteins  Vitamins (A, B,...)  Water  Minerals What are these components for? What happens when there is a deficit of these nutrients? Summarize your findings in plenary. University of Europe for Applied Sciences Components of human food Overview Carbohydrates  Provide energy for body and daily activities – converted into glucose (main energy form cells use) Fats  Provide structure and cushion to cells and membranes Proteins  Provide body with essentials to built cells and tissues – converted into amino acids Vitamins (A, B,...)  Boost immune system  Fat soluble: e.g. vitamin A, D (stored in fatty tissue and liver)  Water soluble: e.g. vitamin C (cannot be stored, leave body through urine) Minerals:  Balance water levels, maintain healthy skin/hair/nails, improve bone health  Major minerals: e.g. magnesium, calcium University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Trace minerals: e.g. zinc, iron Energy Energy in three forms  Lipids (fat) – 30% of daily food  Amino acids (proteins) – 20%  Glucose (carbohydrates) – 50% Energy process  Cephalic phase: preparation phase, begins with smell of food, thinking of food, ends when absorption of food into the High level of insulin, bloodstream begins low level of glucagon  Absorptive phase: energy that came into the bloodstream covers the energy demand of the body  Fasting phase: energy of food is used up and the body’s energy High level of glucagon, reserves are used – ends with begin of next cephalic phase low level of insulin University of Europe for Applied Sciences Energy Pancreas regulates blood sugar by two hormones: insulin and glucagon Insulin  Eating carbohydrates – glucose absorbed into bloodstream  Blood glucose level increases (primary source of energy for brain)  Pancreas releases insulin -> body cells take glucose from bloodstream -> blood glucose level sinks  Liver converts glucose to glycogen (stored form of glucose for muscle cells)  Glucose level again at optimum state Glucagon  After 4-6h after last meal: glucose level drops in blood stream  Pancreas releases glucagon – stimulates breakdown of glycogen from liver and muscles into glucose  Increases blood sugar level  Blood sugar level maintained and body provided with steady supply of energy University of Europe for Applied Sciences Food Overview What we eat  Preference for sweet, fatty and salty  Learn to prefer tastes with a positive effect and avoid those with a negative one – e.g. bitter  Vitamins and minerals do not have a recognizable taste  Problem: huge offer of food – difficult for our body to learn which ones are good and which not University of Europe for Applied Sciences Food Overview When we eat  Without social influence we would eat many small meals per day  Are we hungry before eating? – no, homoeostasis is mostly present before eating – body prepares actively for ingestion – first cues that you will eat soon (e.g. time) leads to the begin of the cephalic phase (insulin rises, blood sugar decreases)  Hunger at certain time is conditioned preparation of the body for intake of carbs  But: regular meal times of a person seem to be exactly those times where the person feels hungry – many people have headache or nausea when they miss a regular meal  Influence: cultural norms, working hours, wealth, family How much do we eat?  Satiation ends the eating process  Appetizer-effect: hunger gets bigger – start of cephalic phase  Social influence: eat more (60%) when with others or less because do not want to be judged University of Europe for Applied Sciences Hunger "Hunger originates in the brain" Hypothalamus as hunger and satiety center In the absence of food  Hunger signals from the body, mainly hormonal such as blood glucose or insulin levels, controlled by receptors in the liver, stomach and intestines  Release of hormones in the hypothalamus to trigger the feeling of hunger During ingestion of food  Stretch receptors of the stomach  Detection of food components in the intestine  Information to the satiety center, approx. 20 minutes delayed ( therefore slow eating/chewing protects against "overeating") University of Europe for Applied Sciences Theories of Eating Behavior Setpoint theory Hunger is product of energy deficit – food brings the body to an optimum level  homeostasis Theory 1 “Glucostatic theory”: main purpose of food is maintaining the blood sugar set-point  explains beginning and ending of a meal Theory 2 “Lipostatic theory”: goal is maintaining an individual body fat score  explains long term regulation Arguments against that theory  Why do we have eating disorders and adipositas?  Evolutionary perspective  Setpoint theory neglects influence like social factors, taste and learning University of Europe for Applied Sciences Theories of Eating Behavior Incentive theory Presence of food and thinking about positive effect of it makes us want to eat Factors like taste, effect of food, portion size, social factors, blood sugar level, last time eating... Evolution taught us to eat food when it is available University of Europe for Applied Sciences Theories of Eating Behavior Model of dynamic equality – leaky barrel model Main assumption: body weight 1 Amount of water running 2 water pressure = into the tube = amount of fluctuates around a natural balance food positive incentive of food point (not a set point) If a factor increases permanently – 3 amount of water running into the barrel = new equilibrium is established absorbed energy Diet: a factor only changes for a 4 water level in the short time barrel = body fat 5 amount of water pouring out = energy consumption 6 weight of the barrel onto the tube = satiety adapted from Pinel (2018) University of Europe for Applied Sciences Diabetes Type 1 diabetes  Immune system destroys cells that produce insulin in pancreas  Pancreas does not produce (enough) insulin -> daily insulin intake for stable blood sugar level  Symptoms: weight loss, dehydration and constant thirst, tiredness, weakness, urination Type 2 diabetes  Cells do not respond to insulin appropriately “insulin resistant” - cannot take glucose from bloodstream  Higher blood sugar level  Long-term: less production of insulin leads to further increase in blood sugar level  Symptoms: unspecific, tiredness, weakness, cravings due to low blood sugar, sweat, headache  Diabetic coma: lack of insulin – hyperglycemia – unconsciousness  Hypoglycemic shock: insulin excess – restlessness, cravings, seizures, aggressive  Long-term: heart diseases (55% of diabetics die of a heart attack), high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis University of Europe for Applied Sciences Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa (ICD-10: F50.0) Binge-eating disorder (ICD-10: F50.9)  Self-induced weight loss, BMI < 17,5 kg/m2  Extreme fear of gaining weight even with underweight Bulimia nervosa (ICD-10: F50.2)  Eating attacks and loss of control  Repeated implementation of counter- regulatory measures https://www.verywellhealth.com/binge-definition-5116533 University of Europe for Applied Sciences Recap Heart  2 circulation processes  Blood pressure Breath  Lung and cell respiration  Oxygen transport Body temperature Hunger  Digestion  Theories  Physical and psychological diseases University of Europe for Applied Sciences Literature Birbaumer, N. & Schmidt, R.F. (2010) Biological psychology. Berlin: Springer. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/-/media/Files/Digestive-Diseases/Digestive_System_508.pdf Pinel, J. P. J., Barnes, S. J., Pauli, P. (2018). Biopsychologie. München: Pearson. Pinel, J. & Barnes, S. (2021). Biopsychology, Global Edition. Wickens, A. P. (2021). Introduction to biopsychology. Sage Publications Limited. University of Europe for Applied Sciences