Cardiovascular System Functions Quiz

Heart Biopsychology

• The presentation covers the heart and its biopsychology.
• It includes a recap of pain perception, nociceptors, pain therapy, the immune system (innate vs. adaptive, B & T lymphocytes, vaccination), stress (fight vs. flight, HPA-axis)
• A semester schedule is provided, detailing the topics to be covered across each week.
• The presentation also includes a brainstorming session on the associations people have with the heart.
• A slide titled 'Cardiac circulatory system' is displayed.

Cardiovascular System

• The cardiovascular system provides the body with oxygen and nutrients (vitamins, hormones, and proteins).
• Blood vessels include veins (carry blood to the heart) and arteries (carry blood away from the heart).
• Capillaries connect the arteries and veins, facilitating substance exchange.
• The vessels remove waste (e.g., carbon dioxide) from cells.

Cardiovascular System (2 Circulation Processes)

• The two circulation processes are the small (pulmonary) and large (body) circulations.
• Small circulation starts from the right side of the heart; oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange takes place.
• Large circulation starts from the left side of the heart and involves oxygen and nutrient transport.
• These cycles involve specific blood vessels (venules, arterioles, veins, arteries, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein).

Cardiovascular System (2 Circulation Processes)

• In the small circulation (“pulmonary circulation”), deoxygenated blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs (via pulmonary arteries) and returns as oxygenated blood to the left ventricle.
• The larger circulation (“body circulation”) starts in the left ventricle, carrying oxygenated blood through the aorta and arteries to the body.
• The deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via veins and enters the right ventricle through the great vena cava.
• Exchange of substances between blood and tissue occurs in capillaries.

Heart Position and Structure

• The presentation provides an internal view of the heart, illustrating the various structures such as the pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, right atrium, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic valve, right ventricle, and left ventricle.
• Diagrams or images are included to visually depict the locations and connections.

Heartbeat and Heart Cycle

• The heart's rhythmic contraction, with the sinoatrial node acting as the pacemaker.
• Ejection of blood (systole) from the ventricles to the body tissues.
• Filling (diastole) of the ventricles, a state of relaxation.
• These processes involve changes in volume during a cardiac cycle.

Research (Blood Pressure)

• Students must research blood pressure, answering questions about its development, measurement, normal and abnormal values, influencing factors, and presentation of results.

Blood Pressure Overview

• Blood pressure is created by the heart pumping blood through the body and pushing against the walls of blood vessels.
• Blood pressure is measured by two numbers (systolic and diastolic):
  • Systolic blood pressure: pressure when the heart contracts, pushing blood into arteries.
  • Diastolic blood pressure: Pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.

Blood Pressure Categories

• The presentation outlines different categories of blood pressure (normal, elevated, high blood pressure stages 1 & 2, and hypertensive crisis), along with their corresponding systolic and diastolic values.

Blood Pressure - Hypertension and Hypotension

• Hypertension is high blood pressure, often brought on by factors such as aging and the thickening of arteries.
• Chronic asymptomatic hypotension refers to consistently low blood pressure, often requiring medical intervention.
• Orthostatic hypotension is a temporary drop in blood pressure in response to changing body position (standing).
• Neurally mediated hypotension occurs after prolonged standing or stressful events, and often affects children and younger adults.
• Severe hypotension can lead to a life-threatening condition (shock).

Heart Diseases

• The presentation discusses common heart diseases such as:
  • Hypo or hypertension – low or high blood pressure
  • Arteriosclerosis (deposits accumulating on artery walls, making them rigid)
  • Angina pectoris (chest pain, typically during exertion, due to reduced blood flow to the heart)
  • Heart attack (death of heart tissue due to blockage)
  • Heart failure (inability of the heart to pump enough blood)

Brainstorming (Heart Diseases)

• Students brainstorm known heart diseases and their characteristics.

Breath Biopsychology

• The presentation focuses on the biological psychology of breath.

Respiration System (Video)

• A YouTube video link is provided for further information or study related to the respiration system.

Breath Overview

• The process of lung respiration ("external respiration") and cell respiration ("internal respiration").
• The need for oxygen for energy production and the removal of carbon dioxide.
• Respiratory processes such as the absorption of oxygen (300 ml/min) and the removal of carbon dioxide (250 ml/min).

Breathing Steps of Oxygen Transport

• The process of oxygen transport via ventilation of the lungs.
• The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the alveoli and the bloodstream in the lungs.
• The diffusion of oxygen-rich blood into tissues to meet the body's demand.

Breathing Center

• The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by neuron populations in the medulla oblongata and adjacent sections of the brain.
• Respiratory drive increases during muscle work, as the brain detects increased carbon dioxide.
• Chemoreceptors are used to detect the changes of the carbon dioxide concentration.
• Information is transported to the medulla.

Breathing Overview of Diseases

• The presentation covers the diseases like eupnea, tachycardia/bradypnea ,hypo/hyperventilation and asthma bronchiale, along with their respective defining qualities.

Warmth Budget Biopsychology

• Presenting warmth budget from a biopsychology point of view.

Human Body Temperature Overview

• This presentation covers thermoregulation, heat generation (metabolism and activity), diurnal fluctuations in temperature, changes in physical activity, and the role of sweating and shivering.

Vocabulary (Thermoregulation)

• This section introduces essential vocabulary terms in thermoregulation, including thermoreception (nerve cells providing info to the hypothalamus), hypothalamus (body's thermostat, maintaining homeostasis by heat loss and production), afferent and efferent mechanisms (sensing and responding), hyperthermia (elevated body temp), and hypothermia (low body temp).

Thermoregulation (Video)

• A YouTube video link is provided for further information or study related to thermoregulation.

Hunger Biopsychology

• The presentation focuses on the biological psychology of hunger, covering related terminology, discussion topics, and potential associated eating disorders.

Discussion (Eating Disorders)

• Students discuss how the concept of a 'set point' for energy reserves relates to eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia, or adipositas.

Nervous System

• This slide shows a diagram of the nervous system, breaking it down into the central nervous system (comprising the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
• The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system (voluntary actions) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary actions).
• The autonomic nervous system then further splits into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
• The enteric nervous system is also identified.
• The slide highlights these divisions and their connections.

Enteric Nervous System

• The enteric nervous system—a system of neurons within the gastrointestinal tract—is explained.
• This system can operate independently of the central nervous system, hence its description as a "second brain."
• It also has the ability to detect bacteria in consumed food.

Digestion Topics

• The steps of digestion are presented: chewing, swallowing, salivation
• The roles of the stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and large intestine.
• Nutrient absorption and excretion are detailed.
• The text discusses the process of digestion, where food ingested during meals is broken down into components and absorbed into the bloodstream. The importance of digestion, to provide energy and facilitate bodily functions, is also covered.

Reading Assignment

• Students have a reading assignment about the digestive system.

Food Intake, Processing, Excretion (Overview)

• This covers the conversion of the ingested food into components to be absorbed.

Food Intake, Processing, Excretion (Single Steps)

• The single steps of digestion, including chewing, salivation, and swallowing, are presented.
• The presentation shows the process of chewing, salivation, and swallowing to break down and prepare food for digestion.

Single Steps of Food Digestion

• The presentation explains the role of the stomach in mixing food with enzymes to break down ingested food.
• The presentation covers the functions of the small and large intestines in the digestion process
• Details the role of organs in processing and absorbing nutrients, along with the excretion of waste products.

Bowel and Defecation

• This section describes the nervous system's control of the process of bowel movements, including involuntary (internal sphincter) and voluntary (external sphincter) control.
• The presentation describes the stages of defecation: filling, urge, emptying, and excretion, and related factors.

Urinary System Overview

• This presents the structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, renal artery, veins, and important structures like the cortex, marrow, pyramids, and pelvis.
• The slide provides a basic overview of the organs involved in removing waste products from the body.
• Also includes a description of the lower urinary tract, covering ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra's functions regarding the transportation and excretion of urine.

Urinary Incontinence and Micturition

• This slide details urinary excretion, peristaltic movements of the ureteral walls, the collection of urine in the bladder, urinary urgency triggered by stretch receptors, and the mechanisms controlling urinary continence (internal and external sphincters).
• This section also details the process of urinary bladder emptying (micturition).

Videos

• Various YouTube video links are provided for enriching understanding of corresponding topics.

Summary

• Summarizes the key topics covered in the presentation.

Energy and Theories

• Covers different aspects of energy, including forms of energy in food (carbohydrates, proteins, fats).
• It provides the energy process involving energy-related phases like the cephalic, absorptive, and fasting phases.
• The role of the pancreas and hormones (insulin and glucagon) in blood sugar regulation and energy storage is also outlined.

Research (Energy)

• Students conduct research to determine what various components of food are used or required to perform daily activities.

Components of Human Food

• A detailed overview of the components of human food including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
• Their respective functions and importance in human health and bodily processes are highlighted.

Energy in Three Forms

• Presents food energy in three forms (Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates).

Energy Process

• Explains energy processes (cepalic, absorptive, and fasting phase).
• Focuses on blood sugar regulation through hormones (insulin, glucagon).

Energy Overview

• Discusses pancreas regulation of blood sugar levels, and the functions of insulin and glucagon in carbohydrate metabolism.

What We Eat (Overview)

• Discusses food preferences (sweet, fatty, salty), taste recognition (vitamins, minerals).
• This also mentions the issues related to the vast array of food choices available.

When We Eat Overview

• Explaining the social influence on eating behavior
• The concepts of hunger before eating and how much we eat are presented here.

Hunger (Originating in the brain)

• Describes hunger as a response originating from the brain, specifically the hypothalamus.
• This covers the involvement of hormones and receptors in the digestive system during food intake/processing, and explains how the hypothalamus serves as the hunger and satiety center.

Theories of Eating Behavior

• The presentation discusses theories like Setpoint theory, incentive theory, and the leaky barrel model.
• Each theory proposes a different explanation or model for eating behavior in relation to energy balance, maintaining body weight, and the role of environmental factors.

Eating Disorders

• Categorizes and explains the specific eating disorders that were presented (Anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, Bulimia nervosa).
• Provides brief descriptions and relevant diagnostic coding (ICD-10).