Biopsychology Past Paper PDF - Sensory Physiology & Movement & Pain - University of Europe

Sensory physiology Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski Recap Drugs  Effects and risks Psychiatric disorders and neuronal impairment  Affective disorders  Schizophrenia University of Euopre for Applied Sciences Semester schedule 1...

Sensory physiology Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski Recap Drugs  Effects and risks Psychiatric disorders and neuronal impairment  Affective disorders  Schizophrenia University of Euopre for Applied Sciences Semester schedule 1 Introduction + Central nervous system 28.10.2024 2 Peripheral nervous system + Neurons 04.11.2024 3 Drugs + Psychiatric disorders + Sensory system 1 11.11.2024 4 Sensory system 2 + Movement + Pain 1 18.11.2024 5 Pain 2 + Immune system + Stress 25.11.2024 6 Heart + Breath + Hunger 02.12.2024 7 Sleep + Sexuality + Genetics 09.12.2024 8 Methods + Recap 16.12.2024 University of Europe for Applied Sciences Our senses Deeper insight in general psychology: cognition and perception University of Europe for Applied Sciences https://attentiveteaching.com/using-the-5-senses-to-build-an-environment-that- supports-learning/  Research Prepare a short presentation regarding one of the sensory systems. Group 1: Visual system Answer the following questions: Group 2: Auditory system What is the basic task of the sensory system? (+ sense of balance?) How is the sensory system structured? (brief description) Where is it located in the brain? Group 3: Olfactory system Are there any special features in the system? Group 4: Gustatory system Present your results next week in an oral presentation (2-3 slides, approx. 10 min.). Group 5: Haptic system University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Video Sensation and Perception: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unWnZvXJH2o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxZWtc0mYpQ University of Europe for Applied Sciences Visual system University of Europe for Applied Sciences Visual system Main task: visual perception Structure Cornea: barrier, light refraction Pupil: light passes through, size changeable Pupil connected through muscles with iris Lens: additional focus, projects images onto fovea Fovea: contains photoceptor cells Retina: first processing of visual signal Multiple tasks, e.g. transduction (from light to electrochemical signal) Optic nerve: transports information to the brain -> information integrated in existing knowledge and creates a complete picture Chiasma opticum: two optic nerves cross https://openeducationalberta.ca/saitintropsy chology/chapter/the-visual-system/ University of Europe for Applied Sciences Visual system Location Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe – visual cortex “What” pathway -> temporal lobe - object recognition Occipital “Where” pathway -> parietal lobe – location in space lobe Specials System provides 80% of information a human receives per day Visual system must be trained, development ~ 15 years Blind spot: no receptors due to optical nerve – gap Temporal lobe filled with information from immediate surroundings Cerebellum and the other eye University of Europe for Applied Sciences Auditive system University of Europe for Applied Sciences Auditive system Main task: auditory perception of sounds, tones, noises Sound waves are the propagation of pressure fluctuations in a room Structure  Outer, middle and inner ear -> necessary to record sound waves and convert them into an audible sound  Outer ear: collects various sound waves and leads them to middle ear  Middle ear: Eardrum: thin membrane that vibrates through incoming sound waves Hammer: vibrates and hits incus and stapes Anvil: transmits vibrations to stirrup Stirrup: connection between middle and inner ear, connected with oval window  Inner ear: behind oval window Snail shape filled with liquid – leads waves to corti organ Corti organ: hair cells, converts vibrations of liquid into electrical impulses -> auditory nerve -> brain University of Europe for Applied Sciences Auditive system https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/how-do-we-hear University of Europe for Applied Sciences Auditive system Parietal lobe Location Frontal lobe Temporal lobe – auditory cortex Wernike’s area (left hemisphere): comprehending Occipital language lobe Specials: Unborn can perceive acoustic signals already in week 20 of pregnancy  learn different sounds and parents’ voices Humans can only perceive sounds with a frequency Temporal lobe between 0.2 KHz and 20 kHz Cerebellum The three ossicles hammer, anvil and stirrup are the smallest bones in the human body University of Europe for Applied Sciences Olfactory system University of Europe for Applied Sciences Olfactory system Main task: Smell perception - smell is the interpretation of sensory excitation that occurs through the nose Structure 2 nerves: Nervus olfactorius: controls “normal” smell Nervus trigeminus: reacts to specific, sensitive smells like smoke, chlorine, onions Smell molecules are processed in the nerve cells -> olfactory bulb -> further processing in the brain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_ system#/media/File:Head_Olfactory_Ne rve_Labeled.png University of Europe for Applied Sciences Olfactory system Location Receptors in the olfactory epithelium (upper part of nasal cavity) Parietal lobe Information led to the olfactory cortex in limbic system Frontal lobe Occipital Specials lobe Humans can differentiate between 10.000 fragrances Olfactory system can influence memories Temporal lobe Cerebellum University of Europe for Applied Sciences Gustatory system University of Europe for Applied Sciences Gustatory system Main tasks: Check food and substances for their quality and possible hazards Evoke sensation of pleasure for good food and warning signals for harmful food Develop preferences for certain food Recognize changes in taste sensation Structure Taste buds: mainly located on tongue, but also in palate, throat and cheeks When a specific flavor passes the taste pores, taste receptors are activated -> generate electrical signals -> via nerve fibers to brain -> perceived as taste Can differentiate 5 flavors: sweet (e.g. sugar), sour (e.g. lemon), salty (e.g. salt), bitter (e.g. vegetables) and umami (e.g. meat, fish; umami has an appetite-stimulating effect and makes food taste more intense) Interaction with olfactory sense (e.g. apple) University of Europe for Applied Sciences Gustatory system Parietal lobe Location Frontal lobe Frontal lobe: anterior insula and frontal operculum Occipital lobe Specials Sense of taste has a significant impact on social behaviour, e.g. relation to eating together and sharing During the flight, the ability to taste sweet and salty decreases by about 30%, because, among other things, the cold and dry air leads to drying out of the nasal passages Temporal lobe Noise level influences taste, stress caused by noise Cerebellum restricts taste sensations University of Europe for Applied Sciences Haptic system University of Europe for Applied Sciences Haptic system Main task: perceive object properties such as size, weight, Parietal lobe Frontal lobe contour, material, temperature... Occipital Structure lobe Different receptors in skin, stretch, pressure, and vibration receptors in tendons, joints, muscles Body hair contains around 50 touch receptors Integration of information from multiple receptors Reflexes can be triggered Temporal lobe Location Cerebellum Parietal lobe – somatosensory cortex Specials Newborns can be interested in geometric wooden figures held in their hands as early as 16 hours after birth University of Europe for Applied Sciences Haptic system Somatosensory cortex - Homunculus Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. University of Europe for Applied Sciences Movement & Behavior Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski  Brainstorming What is the difference between movement and action? What makes movement possible? What do we need in order to act? University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Video Reflex Arc: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn2RHLWST-k University of Europe for Applied Sciences Reflex Overview Reflex = involuntary movement instantaneous in response to a stimuli Reflex arc = neural pathway that controls a reflex  Receptors  electrical signal  afferent pathway  spinal cord  efferent pathway  muscle response Monosynaptic reflexes:  One sensory and one motor neuron involved  Sensory gathers information from muscles – forwarding to motor neurons – motor neurons cause contraction  E.g. stretch reflex Polysynaptic reflexes:  Multiple neurons involved: sensory, motor and interneurons  Involve muscle groups instead of a single muscle  E.g. withdrawal reflex University of Europe for Applied Sciences Motor skills Overview Movement of the body to perform daily functions  Involuntary movements (not controllable, reflexes)  Voluntary movements (controllable, skeletal muscles) Voluntary movement: requires organism to utilize skeletal muscles effectively in a goal directed manner  5 basic motor skills: sitting, standing, walking, running, jumping  Gross motor skills: involve large muscle groups (e.g. arms, legs, trunk of body)  Fine motor skills: involve small muscle groups (e.g. cutting, writing, colouring) Motor system  Motor areas: basal ganglia, motor cortex, cerebellum  Descending pathways with motor neurons (in the brain stem/spinal cord) University of Europe for Applied Sciences  https://openpress.sussex.ac.uk/introductiontobiologicalpsychology/chapter/the-motor-system/ University of Europe for Applied Sciences Motor skills Example: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Also known as motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig‘s disease Rare neurogenerative disorder: progressive loss of motor neurons that control voluntary muscle contraction  Degeneration and death of cells -> Stop sending messages to muscles -> Muscles weaken, twitch -> Atrophy Early symptoms: twitching, cramping, tight and stiff muscles, affects arms and legs, slurred speech, difficulty chewing or swallowing Death within 3-5 years after first symptoms due to inability to breath – but 10% survive for a decade or more E.g. Stephen Hawking Source: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/amyotrophic- lateral-sclerosis-als University of Euopre for Applied Sciences Skeletal musculature Overview Energy is required for muscle contractions Muscles:  Red: high content of muscle fibers, for enduring movements  White: can contract faster Antagonists  Agonist (e.g. biceps - flexion)  Antagonist (e.g. triceps - stretching)  Synergist (supporting teammate) Directions of movement  Extensors (extensors)  Flexors (bending muscles)  Adductors (pullers of an extremity)  Abductors (spreaders of an extremity)  Rotators (muscles that perform rotational movements) https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/skeletal- muscles/lesson/skeletal-muscles-bio/ University of Europe for Applied Sciences Motor systems Overview Movement plan in the prefrontal and motor cortex Basal ganglia (esp. striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra) for action selection, motivation, emotions, motor control  E.g. Huntington’s disease: excessive involuntary movement  E.g. Parkinson’s disease: paucity of movement Cerebellum controls for coordination and planning of movement (parallel to basal ganglia) Via thalamus control of motor cortex as motor representative of body parts with the aim of movement execution (fine motor skills,...) Brain stem for coordination of supporting and target motor functions Spinal cord for involuntary control of skeletal muscles University of Europe for Applied Sciences https://openpress.sussex.ac.uk/introductiontobiologicalps ychology/chapter/the-motor-system/ Motor rehabilitation Functions of damaged brain regions often return in the first weeks after the incident  Neuroplasticity: connection of new nerve tracts, takeover of functions by neighbouring areas,... Supporting the recovery of disturbed functions (remission) through targeted exercises (stimulation) E.g. Electromyography (EMG) biofeedback Paralysis  Limited ability (paresis) or complete inability (paralysis) to move a muscle or muscle group  Are usually due to a functional failure of motor nerve tracts  Central ("spastic") paralysis due to damage to the pyramidal tract in the brain or spinal cord  increased intrinsic reflexes or increased muscle tone  Peripheral ("flaccid") paralysis due to damage to a peripheral motor nerve or muscle  decreased muscle tone University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Videos Stroke : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B8cWZZDudI Biofeedback: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZ0p0emX57k EMG Biofeedback: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXqMHneOS_o University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain Biopsychology M.Sc. Marla Joy Mierzejewski Brainstorming How would you define pain? Do you suffer from recurring pain? What do you do then? How do you feel? Exchange your thoughts with your neighbor (approx. 10 min). University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain Definition Pain is an... unpleasant sensory and emotional experience (subjective)... that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage or is described in terms of such damage. (IASP, 1979) The experience of pain has a disease value even without a corresponding organ damage. Acute pain Chronic pain Short-term with foreseeable end From 3-6 months Known (treatable) triggers No direct triggers Warning function to protect against damage No correlation between organic findings and pain intensity No protective function  other function/sustaining factors, e.g. psychological University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain perception Sensory-descriptive  Conscious perception, e.g. intensity, location, duration, quality Affective-motivational  Unpleasant emotional experience Cognitive  Evaluation/ interpretation in the context of experience Motor-vegetative https://www.schoen-klinik.de/rueckenschmerzen  Protective reflex, sweat, tensions  Pain is a complex multidimensional experience University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain components Bio-psycho-social Thoughts and cognitions Body Pain-associated thoughts Motoric deconditioning after gentle behavior Catastrophizing of consequences Inflammations Beliefs about causes and consequences Sensory limitations „Protect“ myths Reduced blood flow to the brain Neuronal and cortical changes Pain experience - Intensity - Quality Behavior Emotions Diagnostic effort Helpless Doctor contact/change Resigned-depressed Treatment change Accompanied by multiple sensory sensations Medication Protection University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain diagnostic University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Group work How would you capture pain?  Which dimension/s?  What should be the aim of this measurement?  What statements can you derive from this? Develop a questionnaire for recording pain in groups of 4-5. University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain diagnostics Visual analog scale - e.g. for pain intensity Front for the assessment of the patient Back side for the evaluation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 of the doctor or: in mm University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain diagnostics MPI-D (Multidimensional Pain Inventory) Pain intensity Impairment Affective moodiness Experienced rashness Life control Punishing, distracting Social and recreational, household and outside the living area (Widerström-Noga et al., 2002) University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain diagnostics Multiaxial pain diagnostics Medical-somatic Behavior  Laboratory  "Pain Behavior"  Function test  Medication  Neurological findings...  Doctor visits  Activity Psychosocial  Partner response...  Subjective pain experience  Impairment Psychophysiology  Coping  EMG stress response  Depression  Tension perception  Stress management...  EMG resting values... University of Europe for Applied Sciences Biology of pain https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Descartes-model-of-pain-perception-24-The- Cartesian-perspective-dominated-the_fig1_279684516 University of Europe for Applied Sciences Pain perception Types of pain Visceral pain: inner organs (e.g. stomach pain, appendicitis pain)  Rather dull (mechanisms little studied) Somatic pain: muscles, skin, bones  Surface pain (skin): bright and piercing  Via myelinated a-delta fibers (10-20m/s)  Deep pain (muscles, joints or connective tissue): dull and poorly localizable  Via non-myelinated c-fibers (0.3-2 m/s) University of Europe for Applied Sciences  Research Research in groups of 4 - 5 until next week: How does the pain sensation and processing work? What are „nociceptors“ and what is their task? Which brain areas are essential for pain processing? Present your findings (approx. 10 min.) University of Europe for Applied Sciences Recap 5 sensory systems  Visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, haptic system  Homunculus Motor system:  Basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord  Neuroplasticity  Biofeedback Pain  Acute vs. chronic pain  Pain diagnostic University of Euopre for Applied Sciences Literature Birbaumer, N. & Schmidt, R.F. (2010) Biologische Psychologie. Berlin: Springer. Lehmann-Horn, F. (2007). Motorische Systeme. In R. F. Schmidt & F. Lang (Hrsg.), Physiologie des Menschen. Heidelberg: Springer. https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/sensory-systems https://openbooks.lib.msu.edu/introneuroscience1/chapter/taste/ https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-phantom-limb McIntyre, M. H., Kless, A., Hein, P., Field, M., & Tung, J. Y. (2020). Validity of the cold pressor test and pain sensitivity questionnaire via online self- administration. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231697. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231697 Pinel, J. & Barnes, S. (2021). Biopsychology, Global Edition. Schandry, R. (2016). Biologische Psychologie. Weinheim: Beltz. von Baeyer, C. L., Piira, T., Chambers, C. T., Trapanotto, M., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2005). Guidelines for the cold pressor task as an experimental pain stimulus for use with children. The Journal of Pain, 6, 218–227. Wickens, A. P. (2021). Introduction to biopsychology. Sage Publications Limited. Widerström-Noga, E. G., Duncan, R., Felipe-Cuervo, E., & Turk, D. C. (2002). Assessment of the impact of pain and impairments associated with spinal cord injuries. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83(3), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2002.28028 Tölle & Flor (2006). Schmerz. In Förstl, Hautzinger & Roth (Hrsg.), Neurobiologie psychischer Störungen. Berlin: Springer. University of Europe for Applied Sciences