Atmosphere and Water in the Atmosphere PDF

# Atmosphere and Water in the Atmosphere ## Atmosphere **Our atmosphere is divided into certain layers** **TRICK to remember layers:** * Thank you: Troposphere * So: Stratosphere * Much: Mesosphere * The: Thermosphere * Ex: Exosphere **Our atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds Earth....

# Atmosphere and Water in the Atmosphere ## Atmosphere **Our atmosphere is divided into certain layers** **TRICK to remember layers:** * Thank you: Troposphere * So: Stratosphere * Much: Mesosphere * The: Thermosphere * Ex: Exosphere **Our atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds Earth. It is kept in place by the pull of Earth's gravity.** ### Evolution of Atmosphere **Stages:** 1. Loss of primordial atmosphere - early atmosphere had more amount of $H_2$, He and due to excessive solar flares it vanished 2. Hot interior of Earth through volcanism 3. Modification by the living world (plants) ### Troposphere * Weather phenomenon * Lowest layer of the atmosphere * Height is variable: * Poles: 8 km * Equator: 18 km, average: 13 km * Tropopause: a line that separates Troposphere from Stratosphere ### Composition of gases: * $N_2$: 78% * $O_2$: 21% * Ar: 0.9% (second most abundant inert gas) * $CO_2$: 0.036% * He: 0.0036% ### Why Troposphere generally decreases with altitude? This is called **Lapse Rate**: * 165 m 1 °C * 1 km 6.5 °C ### Insolation * Short wavelength (transparent) heats the surface of Earth * Long wavelength (opaque) terrestrial radiation heats the atmosphere **Greenhouse effect** ### Green House Gases: * Water vapour * $CO_2$ * $CH_4$ * $SO_2$ * $O_3$ (Ozone) * $NO_2$ is not greenhouse gas ### Atmosphere heats up due to: 1. **Conduction:** layer that's near to Earth will heat through conduction (also vertical) 2. **Convection:** Vertically transfer of heat after conduction 3. **Advection:** Horizontal transfer of heat eg: loo is a result of advection ### Insolation * **Aphelion:** the point when Earth is very far away from Sun (4th July) - Insolation less * **Perihelion:** when Earth is closest to the Sun (3rd Jan) - Insolation is more * **Equator:** Insolation is less here, due to presence of clouds * **Tropics:** Insolation is high here as no good amount of clouds - max. at desert ### Factors affecting Insolation: 1. Transparency of atmosphere 2. Length of the day 3. Tilt of the Earth 4. Rotation 5. Position of Earth 6. Latitude 7. Altitude ### Albedo The proportion of incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface typically that of a planet or moon. | Earth surface | (%) | Clouds | (%) | |:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:| | Asphalt | 5 | Shallow broken clouds | 30 | | Oceans, lakes | 8 | Cu, Ci, Cc | 35 | | Land surfaces | 12-18 | St | 40 | | Sand, Desert | 27 | Ac, As, Cs | 68 | | Ice and Snow | 35 | Thick clouds (Sc) | 74 | | Sea Ice | 70 | Ci, Cu | 75 | | Old Snow | 80 | Ns | 85 | | Fresh Snow | 85 | Cb | 90 | Source: C.M. Kishtawal, 2004 ### Heat Budget When Earth's surface maintains its normal temperature, neither cools nor heat up ### Albedo percentage of light reflected by an object Highest albedo: Ice caps/glaciers * 100% Outer space * 70% Reflect Clouds * 23% Absorb Atmosphere ### Temperature inversion A layer in the atmosphere in which air temperature increases with height ### Conditions favourable for occurrence of temperature inversion: 1. Long winter night 2. Still air 3. Clear cloudless sky **reaction is highly exothermic** ## Stratosphere * Ozone layer is seen here: protects from harmful UV rays * Ozone layer seen b/w 30-35 km * Temperature increases with altitude/moving upwards * Jet planes fly in this layer * Ozone day: 16th Sept 16 Sept 1987 * Montreal, Canada Montreal Protocol * Phase out CFCs (makes ozone layer thin) Ozone hole **Ozone layer thickness measured by: Dobson unit** **Stratopause:** divides stratosphere and mesosphere ## Mesosphere * Coldest layer atmosphere * Meteorites end here * Temperature decrease with altitude ## Thermosphere * Hottest layer * Temperature increases with altitude * Ions are seen here hence known as Ionosphere layer * Reflects radiowaves ### Karman line Boundary b/w the Earth's atmosphere and Exosphere (100 km) ### Isotherm Lines connecting the points having same temperature ## Water in the Atmosphere * 97.2% Saline water * 2.8% Fresh water **All out of 2.8%** * Ice caps/glaciers →2% * Ground water → 0.68% * Lakes 0.4% * Atmosphere * Rivers **Order of freshwater** **As a whole (Freshwater)** * Ice caps/glaciers: 68.7% * Groundwater: 30.1% ### Water Cycle **Processes:** * **Precipitation:** Release of moisture * **Evaporation:** water (liquid) → water vapour (gas) * **Condensation:** water vapour → water * **Precipitation:** rain, snow, hail - any kind of weather condition where something falling from sky ## Humidity * **Humidity:** water vapour present in atmosphere **Types:** 1. **Absolute Humidity:** actual amount of water vapour present in atmosphere 2. **Relative Humidity:** % of moisture present in atmosphere compared to its full capacity ### Dew Point Temperature at which saturation occurs ### Condensation Moisture that forms as a result of condensation **Different Forms:** * **Dew:** moisture that forms as a result of condensation * **Fog/Mist:** no solid surface needed, water vapour condenses around hygroscopic particles * **Frost:** deposition of white crystals * **Clouds:** * **Fog:** Big particles * **Mist:** Small particles * **In winter air cools down due to which dew point reduces: water vapour water** ### Cloud seeding Use of Silver lodide (Agl)/Pot lodide to help ice crystals form in suspended clouds, causing water droplets to freeze and fall less snow or rain ## Different Types of Clouds ### Low level clouds * **Flat base, Wool shaped** * **Nimbus:** rain bearing * **Stratus:** does not rain * **black/dark grey coloured** * **opaque to sunlight** * **layered clouds** * **cotton wool** * **flat base** ### High level clouds * **Cumulus:** 4000-7000 m * **Cirrus:** does not cause rain * **High altitude** * **Feathery appearance** ## Types of Rainfall * **Rainfall is a precipitation** * **Hail:** Size: big * **Sleet:** Frozen and refrozen drops Size: small ## 3 types of rainfall: 1. **Convectional:** occurs when surface of the Earth is heated up by the Sun 2. **Orographic:** rainfall caused due to mountain 3. **Cyclonic:** due to cyclone ## How much percentage of oxygen is present in the atmosphere? (SSC CGL 02/12/2022 First Shift) वायुमंडल में ऑक्सीजन का कितना प्रतिशत मौजूद है? * (a) 39% * (b) 79% * (c) 10% * **(d) 21%** ## Which layer of atmosphere helps in radio transmission? (SSC CGL 02/12/2022 Third Shift) वायुमंडल की कौन सी परत रेडियो प्रसारण में सहायता करती है? * (a) Exosphere * **(b) Thermosphere** * (c) Mesosphere * (d) Stratosphere ## At what height do the Jet Streams blow in India during winter months? (SSC CPO 11/11/2022 Forth Shift) सर्दियों के महीनों के दौरान भारत में जेट स्ट्रीम कितनी ऊँचाई पर बहती हैं? * **(d) 9-13km** ## Which of the following gases shields the surface of earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun? (SSC MTS 14/07/2022 Morning Shift) निम्नलिखित में से कौन सी गैस पृथ्वी की सतह को सूर्य से पराबैंगनी (यूवी) विकिरण से बचाती है? * (a) Carbon monoxide * **(b) Ozone** * (c) Oxygen * (d) Carbon Dioxide ## Which two gases are having the highest percentage of the earth's atmosphere? (SSC CHSL 06/06/2022 Afternoon) पृथ्वी के वायुमंडल में सर्वाधिक प्रतिशतता किन दो गैसों की है? * **(b) Nitrogen and Oxygen** ## Which atmospheric phenomena are linked to synthetic chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)? (SSC CHSL 19/10/2020 Afternoon) क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन (सीएफसी) जैसे सिंथेटिक रसायनों से कौन सी पर्यावरणीय घटना जुड़ी हुई है? * **(c) Ozone depletion** ## Which cycle shows the movement of water? (SSC CHSL 02/06/2022 Afternoon) कौन सा चक्र जल की गति को दर्शाता है? * **(d) Hydrological Cycle** ## Clouds are basically made up of: बादल मूल रूप से _____ बने होते हैं। * **(a) Droplets of water** ## Humidity is measured by an instrument called: आर्द्रता किस उपकरण से मापी जाती है? * **(a) Hygrometer** ## Which rainfall is caused by the lifting of an air mass because of the pressure difference? दाब अंतर के कारण वायुराशि के ऊपर उठने से कौन सी वर्षा होती है? * **(b) Convectional Rainfall** ## Which of the following are rain bearing clouds? निम्नलिखित में से कौन वर्षा लाने वाले बादल हैं? * **(c) Nimbus** ## Which clouds are indicators of near future weather changes and are often called Mares’ tails? कौन से बादल निकट भविष्य में मौसम परिवर्तन का सूचक होते हैं और जिन्हें अक्सर मार्स टेल कहा जाता है? * **(a) Cirrus Clouds** ## Which clouds are also known as thunderstrom clouds? किस बादल को थंडरस्ट्रॉम बादल के नाम से भी जाना जाता है? * **(c) Cumulonimbus Clouds** ## The conversion of gaseous form of water into liquid form is known as? जल के गैसीय रूप का द्रव रूप में परिवर्तन को क्या कहा जाता है? * **(a) Condensation** ## Precipitation take place in the form of? वर्षा किस रूप में होती है? * **(c) Solid and also in liquid** ## Moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects is known as? नमी पानी के रूप में जमा होती है ठोस वस्तुओं की ठंडी सतहों पर बूंदों को क्या कहा जाता है? * **(b) Fog** ## Which refers to the amount of water vapour present in the air? जो जलवाष्प की मात्रा को दर्शाता है हवा में मौजूद ? * **(b) Humidity** ## The two ingredients needed to form clouds aloft are ऊपर बादलों को बनाने के लिए आवश्यक दो सामग्रियां हैं * **(a) Instability and lifting** ## A visibility of less than 1 km is the internationally recognized definition of? अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर दृश्यता 1 किमी से भी कम है की मान्यता प्राप्त परिभाषा? * **(a) Fog** ## Cloud burst is associated with? बादल फटना किससे सम्बंधित है? * **(b) Cumulonimbus** ## Where is Orographic rainfall found in India? भारत में पर्वतीय वर्षा कहाँ पाई जाती है? * **(b) Western ghats** ## The Cirrus and Cumulus are types of: (SSC CHSL 19/10/2020 Morning) सिरस और क्यूम्यलस _____ के प्रकार हैं। * **(c) Clouds** ## The capacity of an air of certain volume at certain temperature to retain maximum amount of moisture content is known as: किसी निश्चित तापमान पर निश्चित आयतन वाली वायु में नमी बनाए रखने की क्षमता ______ कहलाती है। * **(a) Relative humidity** ## Which term mostly indicates the ratio of weight of water vapour to the weight of air? जलवाष्प के भार का वायु के भार से अनुपात सबसे अधिक _____ दर्शाता है। * **(b) Specific humidity** ## Mawsyinram in the southern ranges of the ______ receives the highest average rainfall in the world. ______ की दक्षिणी श्रेणियों में मौसिनराम में दुनिया में सबसे अधिक औसत वर्षा होती है। * **(c) Khasi Hills**