Plant Propagation - Cutting Propagation PDF

Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Learning Objectives Adventitious root and bud formation...

Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Learning Objectives Adventitious root and bud formation Type of cutting techniques How hormonal control affects root/bud formation Vegetative Propagation Biotechnological advances in asexual propagation - Cutting Propagation Management of stock plants Factors involved in cutting treatment Jongyun Kim Environmental conditions for cuttings Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Vegetative Propagation Pros and Cons of Vegetative Propagation  Asexual Propagation (無性繁殖) Advantages Disadvantages  Vegetative Propagation (營養繁殖) Preserve the genetic Require skills properties  Propagation without having zygote Same genetic properties Relatively fewer  Totipotency of plants of mother plant propagules Plants which cannot be  Clone (營養系) Shorter lifespan propagated by seed  A group of genetically identical individual plants Shorten flowering and that were multiplied by vegetative propagation Interspecies fruiting time Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Cutting (揷木) Adventitious organs  The most important means for clonal regeneration of many horticultural crops Adventitious organs Organs risen from the dedifferentiation of parenchyma cells  Cutting material (揷穗, cuttings) When they originate from callus  indirect organogenesis  Portions of stems, roots, or leaves that are detached from a plant and used to clonally multiply new plants Adventitious roots  Leaf, stem, leaf-bud, root, modified stems (eg., bulbs) Roots that arise on aerial plant parts, underground stems and old root parts  Adventitious organ formation  adventitious root (不定根) Adventitious buds (and shoots)  adventitious bud (不定芽)  adventitious shoot (不定枝) Arise from any plant part other than terminal, lateral, or latent buds on stems Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Adventitious Roots Pros and Cons of Cutting  삽목의 분류 Advantages Disadvantages  엽삽 (leaf cutting) Genetically 엽아삽 (leafidentical bud cutting) Shallow-rooted daughter  경삽 (stem plants cutting) (淺根性) 근삽 (root  Simple cutting) multiplying Shorter lifespan technique Preformed roots Cutting unavailable Fasten flowering/fruiting plants Wound induced roots Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Type of Cuttings Leaf Cutting  Stem cuttings (莖揷)  Leaf blade, leaf blade and petiole as cuttings  Hardwood - Deciduous  Hardwood - Narrow-leaved evergreen  Adventitious buds, shoots, and roots form  Semi-hardwood  Softwood Modified  Herbaceous stem  Basal part of petiole / Midrib of leaf blade Rhizomes  Leaf cuttings (葉揷) Tubers  Only few plants  Leaf-bud cuttings (葉芽揷) Corms  Sansevieria, Begonia, African Violet, Sedum  Root cuttings (根揷) Bulbs Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Begonia Leaf Cutting Leaf Cuttings African violet Cape primrose (Streptocarpus) Begonia stockplant Petiole (母株) 葉柄 Begonia leaf pieces Begonia whole leaf Sedum Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Unique Vegetative Propagation Leaf Bud Cutting (葉芽揷) Tolmiea menziesii Ficus pumila Epipremnum aureum Piggy-back plant Bryophyllum  Require adventitious root formation only Plantlets on its leaves  Cuttings with leaf blade + petiole + axillary bud Foliar embryo (葉胚) Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Root Cutting (根揷) Adventitious organs from Root cutting  Cuttings taken in winter when storage reserves are highest in the root  Polarity is important  Very well-drained, moist medium  Only plants that can form shoots on roots are propagated by root cuttings sassafras blackberry Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Stem cutting (莖揷) Hardwood Cutting - Deciduous  Hardwood cutting (熟枝揷)  Inexpensive  Deciduous species  Narrow-leaved evergreen species  No mist required  Semi-hardwood cutting (半熟枝揷)  Can be mechanized  Greenwood cutting (綠枝揷)  Only a few species root from hardwood cuttings  Herbaceous cutting (草本揷) Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Hardwood Cutting - Deciduous Hardwood Cutting - Deciduous  Dormant cuttings taken fall through spring  Auxin treatment only for difficult-to-root plants  Cut just below the node  Planted deeply with only one node above the De-eying ground 15 cm rose cuttings (摘芽)  Direct cutting in spring with bandsaw To prevent suckering from the base of the cutting Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Hardwood Cutting - Deciduous Hardwood Cutting - Deciduous Two-thirds of the cutting Dormant cuttings taken is beneath the soil in late fall Inverted and placed in a cooler at 10°C After callus forms cuttings are planted in the field or greenhouse in the normal Rooting occurs prior to orientation leafing out in the spring Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Callus Hardwood Cutting - Deciduous Callusing and rooting can occur simultaneously. Callusing can sometimes interfere with rooting and – Callus except for some difficult-to- Wax-lined paper boxes keep the cuttings from root species that initiate mass of unorganized roots from callus – is not a drying out in the cooler (dedifferentiated) parenchyma cells prerequisite to rooting. Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Hardwood Cutting - Deciduous Hardwood Cutting - Grape Hardwood cuttings can share space in large coolers us ed to over-winter bare root liners. Grape cuttings New leaf growth is a sign prior to rooting cuttings have rooted Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Hardwood Cutting - Deciduous Evergreen Hardwood Cutting Plants propagated by deciduous hardwood  Dormant cuttings taken in late fall through winter cuttings  Greenhouse or cold frame  Adequate moisture level Privet Ligustrum is important Forsythia Forsythia  Very slow to root Willow Salix  Usually treated with auxin Sycamore Platanus  Bottom heat (23-27°C) helps Pear Pyrus  Basal wounding may be helpful Cherry Prunus  Main way to propagate conifers Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Evergreen Hardwood Cutting Evergreen Hardwood Cutting Quick-dipping cuttings in auxin rooting solution Spacer between cuttings to ensure a straight line and proper spacing in Yew cuttings A simple template for spacing cuttings is a dibble board Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Evergreen Hardwood Cutting Semi-hardwood Cutting Plants propagated by evergreen hardwood  Mature current season’s wood cuttings  Summer and early fall Juniper Juniperus  Greenhouse, mist, bottom heat Yew Taxus  Moist, well-drained medium  Usually treated with auxin Spruce Picea  Primary propagation method for broad-leaved Firs Abies evergreens False cypress Chamaecyparis  Collect cuttings in early morning Arborivitae Thuja  Leaf may be trimmed Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Semi-hardwood Cutting Semi-hardwood Cutting  Greenhouse with holly (Ilex) cuttings. Shading ① helps with late summer temperature control. Plastic bench skirts ② trap bottom heat to warm the rooting media. Rhododendron Ilex in perlite Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Semi-hardwood Cutting Wounding to Improve Rooting  Magnolia Wounding and Ilex Callus Formation Improve Callus mass of unorganized Rooting (dedifferentiated) parenchyma cells Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Wounding to Improve Rooting Semi-hardwood Cutting Plants propagated by semi-hardwood cuttings Rhododendron Rhododendron Holly Ilex Cherry laurel Prunus Magnolia Magnolia Hibiscus Hibiscus Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Softwood (greenwood) Cutting Softwood Cutting  Soft, succulent, new season’s growth  Late spring to early summer  Greenhouse or outdoor beds  Intermittent mist, fog, or humidity tent  Moist, well-drained medium  Usually treated with auxin  Prone to disease and water stress  Root quicker and easier  Primary propagation method for shrubs and some trees (difficult-to-root species) Cuttings are prepared prior Cuttings usually have to sticking them one to three nodes Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation How to Select Cuttings Trimming Leaves  Trimming to minimize transpirational loss  Space management for propagating bed  Too dense  less light  less rooting  Remove flower and flower bud The best cutting material has  Proper leaf-to-stem ratio some degree of flexibility but is mature enough to break when bend sharply Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Sanitation Softwood Cuttings Strat with disease- free stock plants Apply fungicides Maple (Top) Clean workspace Hydrangea (Bottom) Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Water Management Softwood Cutting Plants propagated by softwood cuttings Spirea Spiraea Honeysuckle Lonicera Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia Cherry Prunus Maple Acer Dogwood Cornus Hydrangea Hydrangea Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Herbaceous Cutting Taking Cuttings from Stock Plants  Soft, current season’s growth of non-woody plants  Any time of the year  Greenhouse, mist, bottom heat  Moist, well-drained medium  Auxin not needed or may apply at 500-1250 ppm  Primary propagation method Cuttings may come from existing for greenhouse crops stock plants, but for many crops the cuttings are purchased from specialized growers. Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Patent - Royalty Cutting Package The basal leaves need to be removed from the cutting prior to sticking. The major greenhouse crops have plant patent protection and a royalty must be paid to propagate certain cultivars. Cuttings are sealed in plastic bags and kept cool until they are shipped to the propagator. Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Shipping of Cuttings Direct Sticking  Save labor and time  Requires more space Purchased cuttings are packaged to prevent drying out and may contain an ice pack to keep cuttings cool during transport. Cuttings may be purchased un-rooted, callused, or rooted depending on the crop. Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Mist System Mist with Booms A traveling boom is an alternative to a Mist is commonly used to keep stationary mist system. It works well herbaceous cuttings from drying out where cuttings have been direct stuck. until they are rooted. Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Herbaceous Cutting Herbaceous Cuttings Plastic or woven fabric can Mum cuttings be placed over cuttings to Rooted coleus cutting with the media Poinsettia rooted in a reduce water loss removed to synthetic rooting cube Direct stuck coleus cuttings show new roots Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Herbaceous Carnation Cuttings Herbaceous Carnation Cuttings Stock plants (母株) Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Notching Dracaena Cane 芽傷處理 Cuttings of Succulent Plants  Normally callused and suberized for a week or more before being inserted into rooting media Suberization The process of forming a protective, semiimpermeable Branching of herbaceous canes of Dracaena during layer that occurs under the propagation is done by cutting one-third to one- wounded surface area half way through the canes Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Succulent Plants Herbaceous Cuttings Plants propagated by herbaceous cuttings Mums Chrysanthemum Geranium Pelargonium Poinsettia Euphorbia Coleus Coleus Impatiens Impatiens Aloe Carnation Dianthus Pineapple Ananas Christmas cactus Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Plant Propagation – Cutting Propagation Stem Cutting Comparison Stem Cutting Comparison Hardwood Hardwood Semi Hardwood Hardwood Semi Softwood Herbaceous Softwood Herbaceous (Deciduous) (Evergreen) –hardwood (Deciduous) (Evergreen) –hardwood Cuttings Mature, Mature Partially New, soft Succulent Cutting 10-70 cm 10-20 cm 7.5-15 cm 7.5-12.5 cm 7.5-12.5 cm dormant, or Hardwood mature succulent stems from length quiescent stems wood on growth non-woody Auxin Auxin hardwood current plants (IBA or 2000 or not needed stems season’s 2500-5000 1000-3000 500 to 1250 NAA in slightly higher or may apply growth ppm) 500-1250 Woody species Privet Juniper Forsythia Honeysuckle Geraniums Forsythia Rhododendron Poinsettia Seasons Late fall to Late fall to Late spring Spring to Year-round Yew Maple Example Roses Holly Mums early spring late winter to late early Spruce Magnolia plants Willow Magnolia Coleus Firs (Abies) Crape Myrtle summer summer Sycamore Hibiscus Impatiens Dormant Season Thuja Dogwood Grape Pineapple Hydrangea