CENV 1119 Renewable Energy PDF

1 Environmental Science CENV 1119 Instructor: Dr. Ali Al Jibouri, P.Eng. Office: SW01-1580 Email: [email protected]  2 Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency = Useful energy produced...

1 Environmental Science CENV 1119 Instructor: Dr. Ali Al Jibouri, P.Eng. Office: SW01-1580 Email: [email protected]  2 Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency = Useful energy produced by a device compared to total energy output (including heat) To improve net energy efficiency Minimise the number of conversion steps Maximise the efficiency of each step  3 Net Energy Efficiency  4 Improving Energy Efficiency Industry Building Design Cogeneration Insulation Replace inefficient electric Energy-efficiency standards for motors fixtures Higher efficiency lighting Transportation Increased fuel economy Hybrid-electric vehicles Fuel-cell vehicles  5 Fuel Cells Source: Concept information from DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Ballard, Toyota, and Honda.  6 Electricity by Fuel Type 2019 Canada’s Energy Hydro is the most important electrical energy source in Canada  7 Sustainable Energy – The Key to Everything  Hydropower  Wind  Solar  Geothermal  Bioenergy Are all natural sources sustainable? Sustainable: Rate of generation is equal to or greater than the rate of consumption  8 Sustainable Energy – The Key to Everything https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/facts/renewable-energy/20069  9 Sustainable Energy – Hydropower Most important renewable energy source in Canada  60 % of Canada’s electrical generation  10 Sustainable Energy – Hydropower Large-scale hydropower High dam across a large river to create a reservoir Issues with flooding, ecological impact on fish Small-scale (run-of-river) hydropower Low or no dam used in a small stream Lower impact, but less reliable flow/output  11 Sustainable Energy – Hydropower Water flowing from higher elevations to lower elevations (kinetic energy) Dams across rivers  reservoir Some of the water stored in the reservoir is allowed to flow through pipes at controlled rates, spinning turbines (mechanical energy) to produce electricity (electric energy)  12 Sustainable Energy – Hydropower  High efficiency (80 %)  High construction costs  Low cost (3rd cheapest)  Water loss through evaporation  Long life span  High environmental impact from  No CO2 emissions during flooding land operation  High CO2 emissions from rapid  Provides flood control, irrigation decay in shallow tropical and recreation reservoirs  Displaces people (40 – 80 million worldwide)  13 Sustainable Energy – Hydropower https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ  14 Sustainable Energy – Wind 1998: 60 wind turbines, 8 wind farms and 27 MW 2020: 6,590+ wind turbines; 297 wind farms; total installed capacity of 13,588 MW Canada – 8th in the world 5 % of electricity in 2019 67 % decline in costs since 2009  15 Sustainable Energy – Wind Wind doesn’t push blades, but passes over them. The ΔP between upper and lower surfaces creates lift  rotor turns Kinetic energy of wind  mechanical energy  transmitted via drive shaft to an electrical generator https://canwea.ca/wind-facts/why-wind-works/  16 Sustainable Energy – Wind Operate at wind speeds between 12 – 88 km/h Produce electricity between 70 – 90 % of the time Lifespan – 25+ years  High net energy yield &  Require back up systems efficiency  High land use  Low cost  Visual and noise pollution  Low environmental impact  Interference with bird  No CO2 emissions migration  Quick construction  Bird deaths  Low maintenance  17 Sustainable Energy – Solar Energy of sun in form of radiated heat & light Two major types: Thermal Photovoltaic Ease of scalability (large or small)  2019: 3,273 MW  18 Sustainable Energy – Solar 138 Solar PV farms in Canada with capacity > 1 MW  19 Sustainable Energy – Solar G. Miller and S. Spoolman, Living in the environment: principles, connections, and solutions, 17th edition. Nelson Education, 2011.  20 Sustainable Energy – Solar  Energy is free  Release of toxic chemicals  Net energy is moderate (active) during production of photocells to high (passive)  Short life span  Quick installation  Need backup systems  Very low air and water pollution  Need heat storage system  Very low land disturbance (built  Need access to sun 60 % of the into roof or windows) time  Moderate costs (passive)  Sun can be blocked by trees and other structures  High cost (active)  Active systems need maintenance and repair  21 Sustainable Energy – Solar https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/solar-energy/tech/solarpv.html  22 https://phys.org/news/2018-09-photoelectrode-harvest-percent-visible.html  23  Stores solar energy long term  Releases energy “on demand” https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2018/ee/c8ee01011k  24 Sustainable Energy – Geothermal Geothermal energy can be captured from heat stored beneath the earth’s surface or from absorbed heat in the atmosphere and oceans Geothermal energy can be captured from naturally occurring underground steam and used to produce electricity Heating and cooling can be achieved by taking advantage of the temperature differential between outside air and the ground or groundwater  25 Sustainable Energy – Geothermal https://energync.org/geothermal-heat-pumps/ 26  27 Sustainable Energy – Geothermal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCRDf7QxjDk  28 Sustainable Energy – Bioenergy  29 Sustainable Energy – Bioenergy Biomass: biological material in solid, liquid or gaseous form that has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy (does not include fossil fuels) Biofuels: solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels which consist of and are derived from biomass, recently living organisms, or their metabolic by-products such as manure from livestock  30 S. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 10th Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2017.  31 Sustainable Energy – Bioenergy Biofuels: Biodiesel - vegetable oils or animal fats: used in compression engines (Diesel) Bioethanol - fermentable sugars (i.e. sucrose/glucose) converted to ethanol (alcohol) by fermentation: used in spark ignition engines (Gasoline) Huge variety of source material  32 Sustainable Energy – Bioenergy Bioenergy BC Industrial wood waste (wood waste from pulp and paper industry)  Most important type of biomass in Canada  Used to produce electricity and steam Pulp and paper industry is the largest consumer of bioenergy (>50 %) Most active provinces are the ones with significant forestry activities (BC, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick)  33 Sustainable Energy – Bioenergy Biofuels – Canada: Corn, wheat and barley  ethanol Vegetable oils and non-edible waste greases and animal fats  biodiesel Canada produced 1.6 billion litres of ethanol and 418 million litres of biodiesel in 2020 (NRCan)  34 Sustainable Energy – Bioenergy  35 Sustainable Energy – Bioenergy https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269038981_Sugarcane_based_bioethanol_energy_for_sustainable_development/figures?lo=1  36 Sustainable Energy – Biomass  Energy security  Decreasing biodiversity  Reduced GHG emissions  Decrease water availability  Improved air quality and quality  Growth in rural areas /  Soil degradation developing countries  Conflict with food production  Indirectly increase GHG emissions due to land use changes  Increased pesticide/fertiliser use  37 Sustainable Energy – Bioenergy Is the journey to 100 % renewables feasible? Refer to handout  38 Credentials Slide Design and Creation: Dr. Deirdre Lynch Special thanks for her effort and creativity in designing these slides.