Renewable Energy PDF

Dr. Heba Ezz Renewable Energy Introduction: Fossil Fuel Energy and Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Fossil Fuel Energy  Fossil Fuel Energy Fossil Fuel Energy sources are non-renewable resources that formed when prehistoric plants and...

Dr. Heba Ezz Renewable Energy Introduction: Fossil Fuel Energy and Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Fossil Fuel Energy  Fossil Fuel Energy Fossil Fuel Energy sources are non-renewable resources that formed when prehistoric plants and animals died and were gradually buried by layers of rock. Over millions of years, different types of fossil fuels formed -- depending on what combination of organic matter was present, how long it was buried and what temperature and pressure conditions existed as time passed. Natural gas, petroleum, and coal are the most broadly employed energy sources globally. They account for 80% of the whole power consumption.  Disadvantages of fossil fuel energy sources Many disadvantages: Fossil Fuels are Nonrenewable Dangerous to Produce: disasters, and there’s still a human role that can come at a huge cost. Water Pollution and Oil Spills Water Table Poisoning from Fracking Air Pollution and Smog Acid Rain Global Warming And SOoOoO… many other disadvantages Renewable Energy  What is Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed and it enables the improvement of energy efficiency in the energy sector and reduces environmental pollution.  Advantages of Renewable Energy Environmental and economic benefits of using renewable energy include: It is a renewable energy source and sustainable over time. Generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and reduces some types of air pollution Diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on imported fuels Creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation, and more  Implementing On-site Renewable Energy Projects On-site power generation provides local governments with the most direct access to renewable energy. In addition to the overall benefits, on-site projects also provide a hedge against financial risks and improve power quality and supply reliability. However, local governments considering on-site generation may face possible technical, financial, and regulatory challenges. To overcome these challenges, local governments can: Assess the availability of local renewable resources Consider the costs of different renewable technologies Examine the aggregate costs and benefits of on-site green power Consider permitting requirements for locations where the facility could be sited Involve local stakeholders, particularly concerning siting Assess available sources of financing and other incentives  Sources of Renewable Energy Solar (photovoltaic, solar thermal) Wind Biomass Hydropower Geothermal energy 1. Solar Energy  1. Solar Energy Solar energy is one that is able to take advantage of solar energy from light particles to produce energy that is later transformed into electricity. This can be in two forms Photovoltaic solar energy solar thermal energy  Photovoltaic solar energy: Photovoltaic solar energy conversion is the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity. This can be done by flat plate and concentrator systems.  Photovoltaic Energy To collect the sun's energy, solar panels are used that are capable of capturing photons of light from solar radiation and transforming them into energy. To generate photovoltaic energy, it is necessary to capture the photons of light that solar radiation has and convert it into electricity in order to use it. This can be achieved through the photovoltaic conversion process through the use of a solar panel.  Solar thermal energy Unlike the solar panels used in photovoltaic energy to generate electricity from photons of light found in solar radiation, this energy takes advantage of said radiation to heat a fluid. When the sun's rays strike the fluid, it heats it up and this hot fluid can be used for various uses. How does Solar Energy Technology Work  Main uses of solar energy One of the main uses of photovoltaic solar energy is the installation of photovoltaic sensors and current inverters, which can convert the continuous energy generated in the solar panels into alternating current and introduce it to the grid. It is also often used for the following sectors: Illumination. illuminate the entrances, rest areas and intersections of many towns. This lowers lighting costs. Signaling. This type of energy is used more and more frequently to signal in the lane. This type of energy is used many times in the fields of mobile power repeaters, radio and television. Rural electrification. With the help of a centralized system, more dispersed cities and small towns can enjoy renewable electricity. Farms and livestock. For energy consumption in these areas, photovoltaic solar energy is used. To illuminate them, operate water pumps and irrigation pumps for milking, etc.  Advantages of Solar Energy It is a totally clean energy which helps reduce the carbon footprint significantly. Thanks to its use we avoid the generation of greenhouse gases and we do not pollute during their generation or during their use. Does not require any type of constant extraction of materials to make it work. This makes it a fairly inexpensive energy. A solar panel can perfectly have a useful life of 40 years. Sunlight is very abundant and available so the use of solar panels is a viable option. Reduces the need to use fossil fuels so it helps to conserve natural resources and reduce environmental pollution. 2. Wind Energy  2. Wind Energy This term describes the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks: grinding grain pumping water a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.  Wind Turbines Wind Turbines is used to convert the wind energy into electrical energy. The turbines may be: Vertical or horizontal. The turbine is spin by the power of air. It is connected to an electricity generator. How Does The Turbine work  Advantages of Wind energy Wind power creates good-paying jobs. Wind power is cost-effective. Wind turbines work in different settings.: fits well in agricultural and multi-use working landscapes. Wind energy is easily integrated in rural or remote areas, such as farms and ranches or coastal and island communities,  Challenges of Wind Energy projects wind projects may not be cost-competitive in some locations that are not windy enough Ideal wind sites are often in remote locations. :We need to bring electricity from wind farms to urban areas, where it is needed to meet demand. Turbines produce noise and alter visual aesthetics. Wind plants can impact local wildlife. 3. Biomass Energy  3. Biomass Energy The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, such as corn and soy, above. The energy from these organisms can be burned to create heat or converted into electricity.  Sources of Biomass Include: dedicated energy crops, agricultural crop residues, forestry residues, wood processing residues, municipal waste, etc How Biomass Energy Work  Advantages of biomass energy Biomass is a pretty infinite source of energy as its a by-product of all the processes we already use. It is a waste product so it’s reliable, found almost everywhere in the world and comes at an extremely low cost Biomass fuel is carbon neutral: It doesn’t create any additional carbon because it’s already been through the natural process of photosynthesis, meaning it’s already done its job of absorbing CO2. The fact that it’s cheaper to make and it’s made of waste, means a high profit margin for biomass producers  Disadvantages of Biomass Energy Deforestation Biomass construction plants don’t come cheap. The harvest, transportation and storage of organic matter can be costly and go beyond what other renewable sources need such as solar power. 4. Hydropower Energy  4. Hydropower Energy Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.  How Does Hydropower Work Hydropower technologies generate power by using the elevation difference, created by a dam or diversion structure, of water flowing in on one side and out, far below, on the other. Hydropower is an affordable source of electricity that costs less than most.  Advantages of Hydropower Compared to other electricity sources, hydropower also has relatively low costs throughout the duration of a full project lifetime in terms of maintenance, operations, and fuel. hydropower’s longer lifespan spreads these costs out over time. Additionally, the equipment used at hydropower facilities often operates for longer periods of time without needing replacements or repairs, saving money in the long term. 5. Geothermal Energy  5. Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is a type of renewable energy taken from the Earth’s core. It comes from heat generated during the original formation of the planet and the radioactive decay of materials. This thermal energy is stored in rocks and fluids in the center of the earth. The underground geothermal reservoirs of steam and heated water can be used for electricity generation and other heating and cooling applications.  How Does Geothermal Energy Work? Wells of up to a mile deep or more are drilled into underground reservoirs to tap into the geothermal resources. Geothermal power plants come in three different designs; dry steam, flash and binary: The oldest type is dry steam, which takes steam directly from fractures in the ground to drive a turbine. Flash plants pull high pressure hot water from underground and mix it with cooler low pressure water. This, in turn, creates steam that is used to drive a turbine. Binary plants use hot water passed through a secondary fluid that has a lower boiling point than water. The secondary fluid is turned into vapour which drives a turbine. Most future geothermal power plants are expected to be binary plants.  Advantages of geothermal energy As a source of renewable energy, the main advantages of geothermal energy are environmental. It produces just one- sixth of the carbon dioxide emitted by a clean natural-gas power plant. Geothermal is also cheaper than conventional energy, with savings of as much as 80% compared with fossil fuels. Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, it is constantly available.  Disadvantages of geothermal energy production is limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. In addition, some locations may cool down after decades of use. drilling and exploration of the suitable sites is expensive. Geothermal plants can release hydrogen sulphide, a gas that smells like rotten eggs. Finally, some geothermal fluids contain low levels of toxic materials which need to be disposed of. Thanks