Respiratory System Anatomy PDF

Anatomy of the Respiratory System Samuel Shan, RRT-NPS-ACCS RT 3005/6005  NEURAL CONTROL  The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the tone of bronchial and arterial smooth muscle.  ANS regulates involuntary body functions.  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle  Gla...

Anatomy of the Respiratory System Samuel Shan, RRT-NPS-ACCS RT 3005/6005  NEURAL CONTROL  The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the tone of bronchial and arterial smooth muscle.  ANS regulates involuntary body functions.  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle  Glands  Subdivided in two systems:  Sympathetic  Parasympathetic  Autonomic System Comparison increase  Sympathetic : epinephrine and NE.  Beta receptors (ß2)  Alpha receptors (α)  Parasympathetic: acetylcholine  The Lungs APEX  Pointed  Rise about the level of the first rib. BASE  Broad and concave.  Extend to the 6th rib anteriorly (xyphoid process) and ~11th rib posteriorly (two ribs below the angle of the scapula). Mediastinal border is concave to accommodate heart. HILUM  Center of the lungs  R and L mainstem bronchi, vessels, and nerves. Right and Left Lungs RIGHT  Larger and heavier than the left.  Divided by the horizontal and oblique fissures into:  Upper lobe  Middle lobe  Lower lobe LEFT  Divided by the oblique fissure into:  Upper lobe  Lower lobe R and L Lungs Bronchopulmonary Segments Segments Right Lung Left Lung  Mediastinum  Cavity in the center of the thoracic cage.  It contains:  Trachea  Heart  Great vessels  Nerves  Portions of the esophagus  Thymus gland  Lymph nodes Mediastinum Pleural Membranes  Two moist, slick-surfaced membranes.  Visceral pleura  Parietal pleura  Both pleural membranes are held together by a thin film of serous fluid.  Negative pressure in the pleural space holds the lung tissue to the thorax.  Air or fluid = atmospheric P = separation. Pleural Membranes  The Thorax  Protects the cardiopulmonary system.  Posterior midline border: 12 thoracic vertebrae.  Anterior border: sternum.  Lateral: 12 pairs of ribs.  First 7 ribs= true ribs  8,9, and 10= false ribs  11,12= floating ribs  11 intercostal spaces.  Vascular bundle and nerve run along the inferior border. Intercostal Space  The Diaphragm  It is the major muscle of ventilation.  Dome-shaped musculofibrous partition between thorax and abdomen.  Fibers merge together at the midline into the central tendon.  Orifices:  Esophagus  Aorta  Inferior vena cava  Innervated primarily by the phrenic nerve.  Inspiration = downward movement = increases thoracic volume and decreases P = gas flow into the lungs. Diaphragm  EXPIRATION END-EXPIRATION Increases upward UP  Inspiration  Scalene muscles  Sternocleidomastoid  Pectoralis major muscles  Trapezius muscles  External intercostal muscles  Scalene Muscles  Three separate muscles.  Anterior  Medial  Posterior  Primary function: flex the neck.  Elevate the first and second ribs. Scalenes Sternocleidomastoid  Primary function: rotate head.  Elevates the sternum to increase AP diameter of the chest. Pectoralis Major Muscles  Adduction of upper extremities.  Elevate the chest to increase AP diameter.  COPD position Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis COPD Trapezius Muscles  Triangular muscles in the upper back and back of the neck.  Rotate the scapula, raise shoulders, abduct arms.  Elevates thoracic cage. Trapezius External Intercostal Muscles  From lower border of each rib and insert into the upper border of the rib below.  Pull ribs upward and outward.  Increase AP and lateral diameters. External IC Accessory Muscles of Expiration  Used when Raw is elevated.  Contraction increases the intrathoracic P offsetting the increased Raw.  Groups:  Rectus Abdominis  External Oblique  Internal Oblique  Transversus Abdominis  Internal Intercostal Muscles. Abdominal M Collective Action Internal Intercostal Muscles  Beneath the external IC muscles.  From inferior border to superior border of the rib in a downward and lateral direction.  Contract during expiration pulling ribs downward and inward. Internal IC