Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology PDF

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Dr. Nasser A. Jawadil  Main function – Respiration Respiration has FOUR processes  1 Ventilation/Breathing - movement of air into and out of the lungs Inspir...

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Dr. Nasser A. Jawadil  Main function – Respiration Respiration has FOUR processes  1 Ventilation/Breathing - movement of air into and out of the lungs Inspiration-Expiration Ratio 1:2  2 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood  3 The transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the blood OXYGEN Transported by red blood cells in the hemoglobin (98.5%) CARBON DIOXIDE Transported in the form of Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3) in the blood (70%)  4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the blood and the tissues Normal Blood pH level is 7.35 – 7.45 HYPERVENTILATION SYNDROME Shallow and rapid breathing Muscles in the thorax rather than the diaphragm Loss of carbon dioxide (hypocapnia) Alkalinity of the blood Low potassium level Low phosphate level Low calcium level TWO DIVISIONS NOSE  FUNCTIONS Olfaction (Sense of Smell) To warm inspired air to body temperature and saturate it with water vapor before it reaches the lower respiratory tract Traps foreign organisms  NASAL CAVITY EXTERNAL NOSE  NASAL BONE NASAL CARTILAGE NARES (Nostrils) Nasal Septum divides the nostrils into left and right  Internal Nares External Nares (CHOANAE) Openings into the Openings into the Nasal Cavity Pharynx CONCHAE – bony ridges MEATUS – passage or opening Superior Conchae Superior Meatus Middle Conchae Middle Meatus Inferior Conchae Inferior Meatus The NASOLACRIMAL DUCT drains into the Inferior Meatus  Opening for Auditory Canal (Eustachian Tube) Controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body.  OTITIS MEDIA (Infection of the Middle Ear) Will I die if I hold my breath? If you’re above the water, no… You will pass out once there is low level of oxygen in the brain…  Low Oxygen Level or Too much Carbon Dioxide? PHARYNX Pharynx is also known as the THROAT The pharynx leads to the rest of the respiratory system through the opening into the larynx and to the digestive system through the esophagus. ESOPHAGUS LARYNX LARYNX  LARYNX (VOICEBOX) Extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. Passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea. Production of voice – main function  EPIGLOTTIS There are NINE cartilages located here. Thyroid Cartilage (Largest) Cricoid Cartilage THYROID CARTILAGE Epiglottis CRICOID CARTILAGE  ADAM’S APPLE (Laryngeal Prominence) Formed by the angle of the Thyroid Cartilage. Thyroid Cartilage is larger in males than in females because of the presence of TESTOSTERONE CRICOTHYROTOMY  EPIGLOTTIS Prevents food from entering the respiratory system  VOCAL CORDS and FOLDS The vocal folds are the primary source of voice production. Air moving past the vocal folds causes them to vibrate, producing sound. VOCAL CORDS and FOLDS VOCAL CORDS and FOLDS LARYNGITIS – inflammation of the epithelium of the vocal folds, inhibiting voice production TRACHEA  TRACHEA (Windpipe) A tube containing smooth muscle and 16-20 C-shaped Cartilages Begins below the cricoid cartilage Divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of fifth thoracic vertebra (CARINA) Superior View Anterior View Posterior View  RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium  RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Secretes Mucus  RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Sweeps towards the Secretes Mucus trachea  RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Mucuciliary Escalator  RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Cigarette Smoking Paralyzes the cilia BRONCHI  PRIMARY MAIN BRONCHI LOBAR BRONCHI (Secondary) SEGMENTAL BRONCHI (Tertiary) BRONCHIOLES TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLI ALVEOLAR SACS  Terminal Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveoli Respiratory Bronchioles Pulmonary Capillaries  BRONCHUS The left bronchus is more horizontal than the right bronchus because it is displaced by the heart  BRONCHUS Foreign objects that enter the trachea usually lodge in the RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS because it is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus and is more in direct contact with the trachea  1 2 4 3 5 HEIMLICH MANEUVER LUNGS  Principal Organ of Respiration RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG 3 Lobes 2 Lobes 10 Segments 9 Segments (Bronchopulmonary Segments) (Bronchopulmonary Segments) Horizontal Fissure Oblique Fissure Oblique Fissure  ALVEOLI “Hollow Sacs” These are small air-filled chambers where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other. There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs The alveolar ducts end as two or three alveolar sacs, which are chambers connected to two or more alveoli.  Type I Alveolar Cell (Lines the alveolus) Alveolar Macrophage Type II Alveolar Cell (Secretes SURFACTANT) Surfactant (Decreases the surface tension) Why do athletes have “more air”? Capillary Capillary Alveolus Capillary Capillary Capillary Capillary  Angiogenesis (Angio – blood vessel) (-genesis- development) The formation of new blood vessels  Angiogenesis (Angio – blood vessel) (-genesis- development) The formation of new blood vessels The more capillaries, the more oxygen is delivered into the blood. The more oxygen in the blood, the more oxygen is available for the tissues. What happens to the fats we “burned” during exercise? Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Oxidation Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Oxidation Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Oxidation What happens to the fats we “burned” during exercise? Almost all are exhaled as carbon dioxide  ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION A tube is inserted into the trachea through the mouth  BAG VALVE MASK (AMBU BAG) Hand-held device which will deliver positive pressure ventilation MECHANICAL VENTILATOR PLEURA  PLEURA Serous membrane lining the pleural cavity where the lungs are located. Parietal Pleura Visceral Pleura Pleural Cavity – between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with very small amount of fluid (Pleural Fluid), acting as lubricant during respiration END