Evolution of Architectural Styles PDF

Evolution of Architectural Styles by Arch. Franz Allan M. Rodriguez, uap  Architectural Period of Revivalism Colonial– the Renaissance movement reached the easier colonies through the Georgian style by the way of England. The style was of simple, symmetrical architecture which combined ref...

Evolution of Architectural Styles by Arch. Franz Allan M. Rodriguez, uap  Architectural Period of Revivalism Colonial– the Renaissance movement reached the easier colonies through the Georgian style by the way of England. The style was of simple, symmetrical architecture which combined refined delicate mouldings with slender, graceful columns.  Architectural Period of Revivalism Victorian Style– this was the name given to the attempt during the 70’s & 80’s to bring romance through the medium of architecture & interior decoration. The architects believed that in order to give beauty, it seemed necessary to load it with meaningless turrets, gables & jigsaw ornaments.  Architectural Period of Revivalism Victorian Style It resulted with no structural sense & was exemplified by the so-called “Eastlake style” & the Victorian Gothic.  Architectural Period of Revivalism Tudor Revival– emphasis was on the simple, rustic and the less impressive aspects of Tudor architecture, imitating in this way medieval cottages or country houses. Though the style follows these more modest characteristics, items such as steeply pitched roofs, half-timbering often infilled with herringbone brickwork, tall mullioned windows, high chimneys, jettied (overhanging) first floors above pillared porches, dormer windows supported by consoles, and even at times thatched roofs, gave Tudor Revival its more striking effects.  Architectural Period of Revivalism Tudor Revival  Architectural Period of Revivalism Greek Revival– Greek forms & details were applied to all types of buildings. Even if the result was a structure which was pleasing to the eye, they were often quite illogical in regard to function. The style was too inflexible to permit an easy adaptation. What happened was only an architecture of façade arrangements. Pedimented gable Symmetrical shape Heavy cornice Wide, plain frieze Bold, simple moldings  Architectural Period of Revivalism Gothic Revival– the people began to tire the formality of the Greek style, thus they turned into the informality of Gothic. They began to adapt the Gothic but were not successful in capturing the spirit of the style. So the result was rather hard and cold structure which also lacked flexible quality of European buildings.  Architectural Period of Revivalism Gothic Revival Iglesia ni Cristo Church primarily serve as places of worship and are used for other religious functions. Carlos Antonio Santos-Viola designed churches for the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) religious group. There are multiple entrances leading to the main sanctuary, where males and females sit on either side of the aisle facing a dais where sermons are made. The choir loft is located behind the dais, and in larger churches, baptistry pools for immersion baptism are located at the back of the church.  Architectural Period of Revivalism Romanesque Revival– this architectural style was marked with bold & massive details. Henry Hobson Richardson popularized the said style. The style he popularized is named for him: Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture" Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts.  Architectural Period of Revivalism Romanesque Revival  Architectural Period of Revivalism Renaissance Revival Neo-Renaissance architecture, is a diverse and perhaps the only style of architecture to have existed in so many forms, and still common to so many countries.  Palladian Architecture Palladian– The term "Palladian" normally refers to buildings in a style inspired by Andrea Palladio 's own work; that which is recognized as Palladian architecture. Palladian architecture shows influence from Roman times, but is famous for it's grand, orderly look. Palladian architecture is laced with influences from Roman architecture. Columns and stonework are almost always seen. This is mostly due to Andrea Palladio studying Roman architecture, as well as his work as a stone cutter in his early teens.  Palladian Architecture One of the most recognizable features of Palladio’s work was perhaps the Palladian window that adorned the front of many buildings. Many of Andrea Palladio’s work involved a large central window that featured a semicircular arch. Each side of the Palladian window was framed by a pilaster. Villa Architecture Villa Capra "La Rotonda” is a Renaissance villa having a completely symmetrical building having a square plan with four facades, each of which has a projecting portico. The whole is contained within an imaginary circle which touches each corner of the building and centres of the porticos. The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome. To describe the villa, as a whole, as a 'rotonda' is technically incorrect, as the building is not circular but rather the intersection of a square with a cross. Each portico has steps leading up, and opens via a small cabinet or corridor to the circular domed central hall. Palladian Architecture Palladian Architecture  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Age of Industrial Revolution– The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Crystal Palace (Victorian) - The Crystal Palace's creator, Sir Joseph Paxton had been the head gardener at Chatsworth House. Because of the recent invention of the cast plate glass method in 1848, which allowed for large sheets of cheap but strong glass, it was at the time the largest amount of glass ever seen in a building and astonished visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that didn't require "Built out of prefabricated and wrought-iron interior lights, thus a "Crystal Palace". elements and based on a four-foot module”  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau – General term to describe flowing, sinuous designs, based on natural forms, popular in Europe. The name "Art Nouveau" is French for "new art". Design Motif: WHIPLASH Lines - a connected series of reverse curves of more or less elliptical form, used as a major design motif in the art Nouveau style. One of the defining emblems of the Art Nouveau movement was the whiplash motif. It has been known by various other names and formats, ranging from ‘noodle’ to ‘tapeworm’ but the moniker of ‘whiplash’ has stayed with the movement.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau – “Whiplash lines”  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau – varies in different countries: Jugendstil - German Art Nouveau Sezession / Secession / Secessionstil – Vienna, Austria Stile Liberty – Italy Modernismo – Spain Arte Nova – Portugal Others Fin De Sieclism - France Stile Floreal ("floral style") Lilienstil ("lily style") Style Nouille ("noodle style") Paling Stijl ("eel style") Wellenstil ("wave style")  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau Jugendstil  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau Jugendstil  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau Founding Architects Paul Hankar was a Belgian architect and Henry Clemens designer , is considered Van de Velde was one of the principal a Belgian Flemish painte architects to work in r, architect and interior the Art Nouveau style designer. He could be in Brussels at the turn considered one of the of the twentieth main founders and century. representatives of Art Nouveau in Belgium. Victor Horta is one of the most important names in Art Nouveau architecture; the construction of his Hôtel Tassel in Brussels in 1892-3 means that he is sometimes credited as the first to introduce the style to architecture from the decorative arts.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Victor Horta’s Horta Hôtel Tassel Museum House  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau Architects Antoni Gaudí i Cornet was a Catalan architect and figurehead of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's works reflect his highly individual and distinctive style and are largely concentrated in the Catalan capital of Barcelona, notably his magnum opus, the Sagrada Família. Much of Gaudí's work was marked by his four life passions: 1. Architecture Gaudí’s Roman Catholic faith intensified 2. Nature during his life and religious images 3. religion and permeate his work. This earned him the 4. love for Catalonia. nickname "God's Architect"  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Sagrada Familia (TO BE COMPLETED BY 2026-2028) In November 2010 was consecrated and proclaimed a minor basilica by Pope Benedict XVI  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Sagrada Familia (TO BE COMPLETED BY 2026-2028)  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Sagrada Familia (TO BE COMPLETED BY 2026-2028)  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Sagrada Familia (TO BE COMPLETED BY 2026-2028)  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Casa Mila - was a controversial design at the time for the bold forms of the undulating stone facade and wrought iron decoration of the balconies and windows. Casa Milà was a predecessor of some buildings with a similar biomorphic appearance: i.e. Guggenheim Museum, Notre dame du Haut, Einstein Tower & Disney Concert Hall. Casa Batlló - The local name for the building is Casa dels ossos (House of Bones), as it has a visceral, skeletal organic quality. Much of the façade is decorated with a mosaic made of broken ceramic tiles (trencadís) that starts in shades of golden orange moving into greenish blues. The roof is arched and was likened to the back of a dragon or dinosaur.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau Architects Hector Guimard was an architect, who is now the best-known representative of the French Art Nouveau or Fin De Sieclism. His inimitable stylistic vocabulary suggests plants and organic matter, while remaining abstract. Flexible mouldings and a sense of movement are found in stone as well as wood carvings. Guimard also employed some structural innovations. One hundred years after what Le Corbusier termed the "magnificent gesture" of Art Nouveau, most of Guimard's buildings remain inaccessible to the public, and he has no museum devoted to him.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Paris Metro or Métropolitain Entrance  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Nouveau Architects Charles Rennie Mackintosh was a Scottish architect, designer, watercolourist and artist.. He is the main representative of Art Nouveau in the United Kingdom. While working in architecture, Charles Rennie Mackintosh developed his own style: a contrast between strong right angles and floral-inspired decorative motifs with subtle curves, e.g. the Mackintosh Rose motif, along with some references to traditional Scottish architecture. Along with the Industrial Revolution, Asian style and emerging modernist ideas also influenced Mackintosh's designs.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Glasgow School of Art The School of Architecture is named after GSA's most famous alumnus, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, and is highly rated by the architecture profession  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Deco – a eclectic artistic and design style that began in Paris in the 1920’s. The structure of Art Deco is based on mathematical geometric shapes. It was widely considered to be an eclectic form of elegant and stylish modernism, being influenced by a variety of sources. Art Deco was an angular dynamic ornamental style, and its lavishness is attributed to reaction to the forced austerity imposed by World War I. Art Deco is characterized by use of materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, lacquer, Bakelite, Chrome and inlaid wood. Exotic materials such as sharkskin (shagreen), and zebra skin were also evident. Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Deco Patterns  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Manila Metropolitan Theater – ART DECO building designed by the Filipino Architect Juan M. Arellano. During the liberation of Manila by the United States and Filipino forces in1945, the theatre was severely damaged, losing some of its roofing and walls battered. On June 23, 2010, Former president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim re-opened the theater after extensive renovations.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Chrysler Building– an Art Deco style skyscraper in New York City designed by Architect William Van Alen. The corners of the 61st floor are graced with eagles ; on the 31st floor, the corner ornamentation are replicas of the 1929 Chrysler radiator caps.The building is constructed of masonry, with a steel frame, and metal cladding. In total, the building currently contains 3,862 windows on its facade and 4 banks of 8 elevators designed by the Otis Elevator Corporation. The Chrysler Building is also renowned and recognized for its terraced crown. Composed of seven radiating terraced arches.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Empire State Building The Empire State Building is a 103- story skyscraper locate d in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. It is designed in the distinctive Art Deco style and has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Deco Far Eastern University Building Among the buildings on FEU's campus complex, five by Pablo Antonio garnered recognition for FEU in 2005 from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), who bestowed the Asia Pacific Heritage Award for Cultural Heritage on the university for "the outstanding preservation of its Art Deco structures."  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Art Deco  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Arts & Crafts – abolish HISTORICISM & REVIVALISM. Design “honest buildings” that expressed universal values. The philosophy was an advocacy of traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration. The main developer of the Arts and Crafts style was William Morris RED HOUSE - designed for Morris by Architect Philip Webb, exemplifies the early Arts and Crafts style, with its well-proportioned solid forms, wide porches, steep roof, pointed window arches, brick fireplaces and wooden fittings. Webb rejected the grand classical style, based the design on British vernacular architecture and attempted to express the texture of ordinary materials, such as stone and tiles, with an asymmetrical and quaint building composition.  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Beaux - Arts– rich neo-classical style favored by the Paris based arts in the 19th & early 20th century France. Though the Beaux-Arts style embodies an approach to a regenerated spirit within the grand traditions rather than a set of motifs, principal characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included: Alternating male and female mascarons decorate keystones on the San Francisco City Hall Flat roof & Rusticated and raised first story Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases— to utilitarian ones Arched windows / Arched and pedimented doors Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism; fluently in a number of "manners" Symmetry / Subtle polychromy Statuary, sculpture (bas-relief panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building & Classical architectural details: balustrades, pilasters, garlands, cartouches, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (agrafes), brackets and supporting consoles  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Beaux - Arts  Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Beaux - Arts Antecedents of the Contemporary Architecture Eclecticism– a style that incorporates mixture of architectural styles. It draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.  Modernism The Early Modernists– Louis Sullivan & later his student Frank Lloyd Wright waged a WAR against tradition in Architecture, bought sought to reveal the structural scheme of the building. Louis Henri Sullivan was an American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers“ and "father of modernism“. He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Henry Hobson Richardson and Frank Lloyd Wright, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture".  Modernism Earlier Skyscrapers Guaranty / Prudential Wainwright  Modernism Seagram Building Structuralism– iron construction, initiated by Sir Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, brought about a trend in Architecture. Crystal Palace  Modernism Structuralism The Willis Tower (formerly named, and still commonly referred to as, the Sears Tower) by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. The Willis Tower is the tallest building in the United States and the 7th-tallest freestanding structure in the world. Modernism Structuralism  Modernism Structuralism The Glass House or Johnson house by Philip C. Johnson It was an important and influential project for Johnson and for modern architecture. The building is an essay in minimal structure, geometry, proportion, and the effects of transparency and reflection. The house is an example of one of the earliest uses of industrial materials like glass and steel in home design.  Modernism Structuralism The original World Trade Center was a complex with seven buildings featuring landmark twin towers, he complex was designed in the early 1960s by Minoru Yamasaki. The complex opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. Modernism Structuralism Modernism Structuralism  Modernism Monumentalism– in Chicago Tribune Architecture, one aspect of individualism stands out: the Idea of building monuments. Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos - he explored the idea that the progress of culture is associated with the deletion of ornament from everyday objects, and that it was therefore a crime to force craftsmen or builders to waste their time on ornamentation that served to hasten the time when an object would become obsolete.  Modernism Monumentalism Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the Eiffel Tower most recognizable structures in the world. by Engr. Gustave Eiffel  Modernism Monumentalism It was built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States. At 630 feet (192 m), it is the tallest man-made monument in the United States, Missouri's tallest accessible building, and the largest architectural structure Gateway Arch, or Gateway to designed as a weighted or the West by Eero Saarinen flattened catenary arch Modernism Monumentalism The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel situated on the banks of the River Thames in London, England. Architects: Frank Anatole, Nic Bailey, Julia Barfield, Steven Chilton, Malcolm Cook, David Marks, Mark Sparrowhawk  Modernism Monumentalism Quezon Memorial Circle by Filipino architect Federico S. Ilustre is a national park and shrine located in Quezon City, former capital of the Philippines (1948–1976). The park is an ellipse bounded by the Elliptical Road. Its main feature is a mausoleum containing the remains of Manuel L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, and his wife, First Lady Aurora Quezon.  Modernism Modernism– term to describe the new, socially progressive, undecorated cubic democratic (CUBISM), & functionalist architectural intentions of the first half of the 20th Century. Salk Institute Villa Savoye in Poissy Robie House  Modernism Peter Behrens - He was important for the modernist movement, as several of the movements leading names (for example Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius) worked for him when they were young. He was one of the leaders of architectural reform at the turn of the century and was a major designer of factories and office buildings in brick, steel and glass. AEG Turbine Factory In 1907, AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft) retained Behrens as artistic consultant. He designed the entire corporate identity (logotype, product design, publicity, etc.) and for that he is considered the first industrial designer in history. Modernism International Style – a major architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of Modern architecture. The term originated from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, The International Style. The typical International Style high-rise usually consists of the following: 1. Square or rectangular footprint 2. Simple cubic "extruded rectangle" form 3. Windows running in broken horizontal rows forming a grid 4. All facade angles are 90 degrees. Modernism International Style Lovell House by Richard Neutra - He was famous for the attention he gave to defining the real needs of his clients, regardless of the size of the project, in contrast to other architects eager to impose their artistic vision on a client.. His domestic architecture was a blend of art, landscape and practical comfort.  Turun Sanomat Modernism International Style Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto - the span of his career, from the 1920s to the 1970. What is typical for his entire career, however, is a concern for design as a Gesamtkunstwerk, a total work of art; whereby he - together with his first wife Aino Aalto - would design not just the building, but give special treatments to the interior surfaces and design furniture, lamps, and furnishings and glassware. Finlandia Hall Alvar and Elissa Aalto in the 1950s Modernism Old US Embassy, Manila, Architect by Alfred Aydelott. This International Style Manila landmark just disappeared recently. It was a 60s International style structure distinctive because of its brise soliel (sun screens or grill) that mitigated Manila's tropical sun. Aydelott created a rational plan with spaces distributed over four levels of air-conditioned space. Modernism International Style Marlim Mansions Hotel  Clark Air Base Hospital / Modernism Regional Medical Center International Style (Abandoned)  Modernism Unite d Habitation Trellick Tower, London by Le Corbusier. by Ernő Goldfinger. Brutalism - from the French béton brut, or "raw concrete", a phrase used by Le Corbusier to describe the poured board- marked concrete with which he constructed many of his post-World War II buildings. Modernism Brutalism Modernism Brutalism  Modernism Brutalism Habitat 67, or simply Habitat, is a model community and housing complex in Montreal, Canada designed by Israeli– Canadian architect Moshe Safdie. It was originally conceived as his master's thesis in architecture at McGill University and then built as a pavilion for Expo 67, the World's Fair held from April to October of 1967.  Modernism Brutalism Old Manila International Airport was renovated in the late 70s to reflect a changing style in architecture - the brutalist movement that the CCP of National Artist for Architecture Leandro Locsin was a prime example. The original style of the 1960s structure was the International style  Modernism Brutalism Cultural Center of the Philippines - Tanghalang Pambansa (National Theater) - The CCP provides performance and exhibition venues for various local and international productions at its eponymous 62-hectare complex located in the Cities of Pasay and Manila. Its artistic programs include the production of performances, festivals, exhibitions, cultural research, outreach, preservation, and publication of materials on Philippine art and culture.  Modernism Brutalism Manila Film Center is a national building located at the southwest end of the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex in Pasay City, Philippines. The structure was designed by Architect Froilan Hong where its edifice is supported on more than nine hundred piles which reaches to the bed-rock about 120 feet below. The Manila Film Center served as the main theater for the 1st Manila International Film Festival (MIFF) from the 18th to the 29th of January, 1982. The building has also been the subject of controversies due to an accident that happened during the final stages of its construction in 1981. Modernism Brutalism  Modernism Constructivism - The style was passionate pleading for ideas on form & space. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose. Narkomtiazhprom, Vesnin brothers, 1934 Flats, Zamoskvorechye, Moscow (late Rusakov Workers' Club 1920s) by Konstantin Stepanovich Melnikov  Modernism Mid-Century Modern – was much more organic in form and less formal than the International Style. This style emphasized creating structures with ample windows and open floor-plans with the intention of opening up interior spaces and bringing the outdoors in. National Congress of Brazil, Oscar Niemeyer Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady Aparecida / Cathedral of Brasilia by Oscar Niemeyer  Modernism Mid-Century Modern TWA Flight Center or Trans World Flight Center Opened in 1962 as a standalone terminal at New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) for Trans World Airlines. It was designed by Eero Saarinen. Eero Saarinen shared the same birthday as his father, Eliel Saarinen.  Modernism Neo-Plasticism (De Stijl)– In its precise meaning, this term relates to the theory of Pure Plastic Art. Proponents of De Stijl sought to express a new utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and order. They advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and color; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white. Rietveld Schröder House by Gerrit Rietveld  Modernism Bauhaus– Staatliches Bauhaus.; ART + TECHNOLOGY; stood for "School of Building". The Bauhaus school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. The influence of the Bauhaus Style can be seen in numerous consumer products from bent metal furniture & hanging globe lamps to the black, block lowercase letterings to be found on exhibition posters. It was under three different architect- directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930 and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime  Modernism Bauhaus Walter Adolph Georg Gropius was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School. Henry van de Velde, the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him In 1919, Gropius was involved in led eventually to Gropius's appointment as master of the school in 1919. the Glass Chain utopian expressionist cor respondence under the pseudonym "Mass." Usually more notable for his functionalist approach, the "Monument to the March Dead," designed in 1919 and executed in 1920, indicates that expressionism was an influence on him at that time.  Modernism Bauhaus Marcel Breuer was one of the masters of Modernism, Breuer displayed interest in modular construction and simple forms. Breuer studied and taught at the Bauhaus in the 1920s. The Bauhaus curriculum stressed the simultaneous education of its students in elements of visual art, craft and the technology of industrial production. Wassily Chair Model B3 chair Whitney Museum of American Art, New York Modernism Bauhaus The Bauhaus Dessau Bauhaus building in Chemnitz  Modernism CIAM– Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne; responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged around the world by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main domains of architecture (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, and many others). Chandigarh Legislative Building  Modernism Organic Architecture a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. Fallingwater or Kauffman House by Frank Lloyd Wright  Modernism Organic Architecture "Let the design: 1. be inspired by nature and be sustainable, healthy, conserving, and diverse. 2. unfold, like an organism, from the seed within. 3. exist in the "continuous present" and "begin again and again". 4. follow the flows and be flexible and adaptable. 5. satisfy social, physical, and spiritual needs. 6. "grow out of the site" and be unique. 7. celebrate the spirit of youth, play and surprise. Solomon Guggenheim Museum 8. express the rhythm of music and the by Frank Lloyd Wright Modernism Organic Architecture Modernism Organic Architecture  Modernism Metabolism In the late 1950s a small group of young Japanese architects and designers joined forces under the title of "Metabolism". Their visions for cities of the future inhabited by a mass society were characterized by large scale, flexible, and expandable structures that evoked the processes of organic growth. In their view, the traditional laws of fixed form and function were obsolete. Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kisho Kurokawa Modernism Metabolism Arata Isozaki designed Clusters in the Air