Reading on Related Studies PDF

READING ON RELATED STUDIES Quarter 3 - Lesson 3 Objectives: At the end of this module, you are expected to learn the following: define terms related to research study. gather and synthesize information from different sources of information. familiarize the diffe...

READING ON RELATED STUDIES Quarter 3 - Lesson 3 Objectives: At the end of this module, you are expected to learn the following: define terms related to research study. gather and synthesize information from different sources of information. familiarize the different citation styles and formats give the characteristics and mechanism of the review of related literature; write citations correctly on the sources used in a research study appreciate the importance of following ethical standards in using sources Selection of Related Literature WHAT IS RESEARCH?  RESEARCH A process of systematic inquiry that entails the collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines. RRL sources are commonly classified into two major types; namely: Primary source- publications or writings wherein a researcher reports the results of his studies. Example: Monthly, quarterly or annual journals. Secondary source- publications or writings wherein a certain author describes the work of another author. Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias, yearbooks as much as possible, use the primary sources to avoid tampering and miscommunications on the data. Citation of Related Literature  Proper citation of a source is important for you to avoid complications and problems with the authenticity of your data once your paper is already published. Citation, in research, is defined as a means of informing your readers that certain information came from a specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a certain situation or data of your research. Citing of sources comes in two (2) manners, namely: a. in-text citation and b. referencing list. A. The In-text citation refers to all of the citations that can be found in all of the chapters in your research paper. The commonly used information in this manner of citation is the following: 1. Author’s name 2. Date of the publication of the source 3. The page number where you found the information B. Referencing list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper. This holds the summary of the information of all of your sources. Information needed in making the referencing list involves the following: 1. Author’s name 2. Date of the publication of the source 3. The page number where you found the information 4. Publisher 5. Place of Publishing 6. Volume 7. Edition 8. Other relevant information In the in-text- citation of related literature, three (3) guidelines should be considered, namely: a. by author or writer, b. by topic and c. chronological means of citation.  1. By author or writer a. In this method of citation, all your data and information, facts, ideas or principles from your sources are discussed or explained separately. Example: Cruz (2002) states that research is … Dela Torre (2005) described the research as … In this example, it is evident that by using by author or writer method, the information coming from a specific author will be discussed separately from the others. 2. By topic a. This method of citation is used when several authors or sources give the same information about a certain topic. The citation of the information will be granted to all of the authors. Example: Accordingly, research is… (Rio, 2000; Luna & Magsaysay, 2005) In this example, the authors (Rio, Luna & Magsaysay) shared the same idea about research. When you are going to use this information, make sure to cite ALL of the authors that published this said information. 3. Chronological a. Citing sources using the chronological method involves sequencing the information based on the year it was published. Example: Yu (2005) states that … And (2007) discussed about… Chu (2010) deliberated regarding … In this example, the sources are arranged chronologically from the earliest to the latest. CITATION There are three (3) most common citation styles that are used to cite sources, namely: a. American Psychological Association (APA) b. Modern Language Association (MLA) and c. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). 1. American Psychological Association (APA) APA follows an author-date format, wherein, the needed information for its in-text citation is the author’s surname and the year of publishing. APA follows different formats for varying authors and their number. I. APA Citation for works with one (1) author In working with APA citation style for one author source, you will need the author’s surname and the year of its publication. Example: By author: Lee (2005) states that the earth is … By topic: The composition of Earth is … (Lee, 2005)  II. APA Citation for works with two (2) authors Citing sources with two authors using APA style still needs the authors’ surnames and the year of publication. The format varies whether you want to use a by author or by the topic manner of citation. Example: By author: Kim and Lee (2009) state that … By topic: Accordingly, (Kim & Lee, 2009) In the by topic manner, the word “and” will be replaced by a symbol “&” which is known as the ampersand. The authors’ surname and the year of publishing are separated by comma (,). III. APA Citation for works with three (3) to five (5) authors The information needed in this number of authors is still the authors’ surname and the year of publication. Examples: By author: Kim, Lee, Young, and Yu (2015) discussed… By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim, Lee, Young & Yu, 2015). In the by topic manner, the replacement of the word “and” to “&” is still applicable. Still, the author’s surname and the year of publication will be separated using a comma. If you wish to use the same source for many times, another the format will be followed. III. APA Citation for works with three (3) to five (5) authors Examples: By author: Kim et al. (2015) discussed that … By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim et al., 2015). In this format, the citation will be shortened by sustaining the first author and replacing the others with the word “et al.” which means “and others”. In “et al.”, the period will be placed only after the “al.”. IV. APA Citation for works with indirect sources Indirect sources refer to sources that were mentioned in another source. In this case, the primary author is needed, the year it was published, and its page number. Example: Brown discussed that … (as cited by Smith, 2002, p. 92). The primary authors’ last name, year of publication, and page are separated by commas. REFERENCING LIST & CITATION STYLE A referencing list is the other means of citing sources. Commonly, this list is noted in the references/bibliography section of the paper. a. APA Citation Style When using the APA Citation style, referencing list is found at the end of the paper. It commonly contains all information of the literature that are cited in the paper. When following the APA format, all references are listed alphabetically according to their surnames. Some reminders when using the APA format is given below: a) You should use a hanging indention. All lines, except the first one, must be indented by 0.5 from the left. b) When writing the author’s name, the last name must come first before the given name. The given name must be represented by initials. When there are two or more authors, ellipses must be used to separate them. c) The first word of the title must be capitalized. Other necessary publication information and proper noun should follow the same format. Here are the guidelines for making a referencing list using the APA format from different sources. BOOKS Format: Author’s last name, given name, and middle name initials, (Year of publication). Title of work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher. Example: James, B.N. (2009). The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our existence. Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing. ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES Format: Author, A.A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.address.com/full/url/ Example: Cruz, K.L. (2019, January 23). The election mania. KBS News. Retrieved from http://www.kbs.com/the_election_mania_2019 ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES Format: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article [file format]. Retrieved from http://www.address.com/full/url Example: Dela Cruz, A.N. (2019). The big bang theory [ppt]. Retrieved from http://www.drive.google.com/file/6thgrkvlw5%bgmh/  Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature Synthesis - is defined as a combination of information and discussion from one or more relevant sources of information. When doing your synthesis, you can present your information in two (2) ways: a. Explanatory b. Argument synthesis. a. Explanatory synthesis - deals with presenting the information through explanations and presents it objectively. Example| According to the Divine Creation Theory, the world was created by the Almighty. All creatures are made into life through his power. He crafted the universe in just 6 days. He made the human beings from sand and blessed them with life through his breath. b. Argument synthesis - enables a researcher to present his/her point of view from a certain topic in a logical manner. Information that is written using an argument synthesis is usually debatable. Example| The world is made through evolution and scientific reactions, wherein all living creatures undergo different mutations and reactions to become what it is right now. This statement is supported by the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection which is published by Charles Darwin. CATEGORIES OF SOURCES The sources for the data and information for the crafting of your Review of Related Literature are categorized into four (4). 1. Documents - these sources include those materials that are written or printed such as books, newspaper reports, research articles, etc. This source can come in a published or non- published state. 2. Numerical records- This source is considered a subcategory of documents. This source includes numerical data in written form such as census reports, school budgets, etc. The sources for the data and information for the crafting of your Review of Related Literature are categorized into four (4). 3. Oral statements- Stories, myths, legends, songs and other forms of oral data composes this type of source. 4. Relics- this source commonly composes information about the past. WRITING A SYNTHESIS When you are going to write your synthesis, you can use the following techniques as your guide. 1. Summary- the simplest way of organizing a synthesis. When using this technique, you are going to write the most relevant information and sources you gathered. 2. Example or illustration- it is a technique wherein you are going to synthesize information by giving examples and illustrations of your specific information. When you are going to write your synthesis, you can use the following techniques as your guide. 3. Two (or more) Reasons- this technique includes presenting the thesis and supporting it with reasons why it is factual. 4. Comparison and Contrast- In using this technique, you are going to show the similarities and differences of two or more data. Writing a Coherent Review of Related Literature The review of related literature is commonly composed of three major sections: 1. The INTRODUCTION of your RRL is commonly composed of a single paragraph wherein information about the general topic of your research is presented. It also provides the overall statement of knowledge about your research topic. 2. The BODY focuses on presenting all the relevant information that you have gathered. Presenting your relevant information must follow a logical manner, addressing the order of your objectives of the study. The review of related literature is commonly composed of three major sections: 3. The CONCLUSION is a single paragraph that functions in providing a summary of the overall state of knowledge about your topic. This section must show how significant is your research study. Guidelines in Writing Literature Review Rule 1. Define the topic and the audience. When defining a topic, consider factors such as interest, significance, and recency. Rule 2. Search and research reference list. Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of literature review. Rule 4. Take notes while reading. Rule 5. Choose the type of review you wish to write. Rule 6. Keep the review focused and make it of broad interest. Rule 7. Be critical and consistent. Rule 8. Find a logical structure. Rule 9. Make use of feedback.  The Relationship of Ethics and Research Ethics in research can be defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. It can also be defined as a process of applying moral standards and principles in any undertaking. Ethics in research follow eight (8) principles. These principles must be taken seriously by each researcher to secure an ethical study. 1. Honesty- a researcher must secure honesty in producing his/her study. Transparency is the key of upholding honesty in research. Researchers must see to it that all borrowed intellectual property must be cited accurately. 2. Objectivity- Researchers must see to it that she/he is free from any form of bias in all aspects of his/her research paper. 3. Integrity- The researcher must secure that the study holds sincerity and consistency. The researchers must see to it that all of the parts promised and presented during the presentation of the proposal must be kept 4. Carefulness- The researcher must see to it that the conduct of the study must be free from any carelessness and errors of negligence. All important data must be kept for future uses. 5. Openness- Researches must see to it that they are open-minded persons wherein they can accept suggestions from others and they can handle constructive criticism. 6. Respect for intellectual property- A good researcher must see to it that she/he practices respect for intellectual property. This principle can be executed upon proper citation of borrowed statements and giving due credit to the owner. 7. Trustworthiness- A researcher must secure that he/she is maintaining his/her trustworthiness. The researchers must see to it that any data or information in the research, especially those data from surveys and other data gathering procedures, must be used according to its proper and allotted usage only. The researchers must also keep the confidentiality of every data gathered and must protect its privacy. 8. Social and Legal Responsibility- A researcher must abide by the legalities, rules, policies, and regulations set by his/her partner institution or organization To further understand the function of ethics in research, here are some terminologies that may aid you: 1. Ethical relativism- this refers to the view that values are relative in the sense that a person feels his/her value is better than any other person’s value. 2. Ethical principles- this term refers to values that are translated into rules or standards of conduct. 3. Ethical dilemma- this refers to situations where there is an evident conflict between values and principles and the choice of action needs to be decided. Upon the absence of Ethics in conducting your research, you might be able to do some unethical deeds commonly known as scientific misconduct. 1. Fabrication and falsification of data- also known as “cooking of data”. This scientific misconduct involves producing data without actual experimentation or altering data in recording for the intention to fit them to what is expected. 2.Non-publication of data- In contrast with fabrication and falsification, non- publication of data involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis. Upon the absence of Ethics in conducting your research, you might be able to do some unethical deeds commonly known as scientific misconduct. 3. Faulty data gathering procedures- It is referred to as negligence or carelessness that leads to errors in measurement or faulty research instruments. An Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data recording. 4. Plagiarism- It is a fraudulent act that involves claiming another person’s ideas, work, or publication. It is a form of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that usually happens in scientific publications. There are four (4) types of Plagiarism. a. Copy and Paste Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism involves copying information word-by-word without giving due credit to the source. Copy and paste plagiarism can be avoided upon enclosing the borrowed words with quotation marks (“) and properly citing the author. b. Mosaic Plagiarism- this is defined by changing only some words in the copied information. The sentence structure is still maintained. There are four (4) types of Plagiarism. c. Misattribution Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism can be done if an author wrongly cited information, maybe to the wrong authors or to the non existing authors. d. Self-Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism can be committed if an author republishes his/her work. Self-plagiarism comes in two forms, duplication, and replication. Duplication can be committed once a researcher copies and submits without proper citations. Replication, on the other hand, is multiple cases of duplication. Presenting Written Review of Related Literature The structure of your literature review greatly depends on the type of your research and your research area. In your structure, topic areas, controversial issues, and questions with varying themes must be considered. Objectivity must be observed and respect for other’s works should be exercised. The following are characteristics of a good literature review: a. Focused- your RRL must be composed of information that is related to your research topic. b. Concise- ideas must be presented economically. The following are characteristics of a good literature review: c. Logical- the flow of ideas and information must be based on logic. It should be smooth-flowing. d. Developed- your RRL must be composed of complete information. e. Integrative- in instances of combining information, links between these ideas must be evident. The contribution of the reviewed materials on the topic must also be shown. f. Current- researchers must only use the new and trendy information about a research topic. END OF LESSON 3