Popular Culture in the Philippines - Table of Contents & Overview - PDF

Here's a markdown conversion of the text extracted from the attached images: # Popular Culture in the Philippine Perspective ## Table of Contents | Topic | Pages | | :--------------------------------------------- | :---- | | Origins and Spread of the Conce...

Here's a markdown conversion of the text extracted from the attached images: # Popular Culture in the Philippine Perspective ## Table of Contents | Topic | Pages | | :--------------------------------------------- | :---- | | Origins and Spread of the Concept of Popular Culture | 1-2 | | From Folk Culture to Renaissance | 1 | | Globalization of Popular Culture | 1-2 | | The Industrial Age | 2 | | Popular Culture, Society, and Technology | 2-3 | | The Icons and Trends of Philippine Popular Culture| 3-10 | | The Pre-Colonial Philippines and their Myths | 3 | | When Spain Came to Colonize | 3-4 | | The American Dream and the Filipinos | 4-5 | | The Flourishing Pop Culture After WWII | 5-6 | | The Recent Years: Entertainment Boom | 6-10 | | References | 10 | As we have discussed previously, popular culture stems from the ideas and tendencies of the working class to sort out the ones that shall be kept for their importance and consumer value. The ones that did not make the cut are sometimes wholly forgotten by generations to come. However, as stated also, the concept of popular culture stems beyond our history even before the term is given to describe it! ## Origins and Spread of the Concept of Popular Culture In the study of popular culture, it is difficult to separate the spread of the idea from the Western perspective — particularly the American perspective (Kooijman, 2013). With this prerogative, we shall try to introduce some Asian highlights that coincide with the Western side of development. ## From Folk Culture to Renaissance We have established that culture, from a sociological perspective, is the formation of traditions and trends that pervade a common group of humans (Wertz, n.d.). Therefore, whenever humans congregate to live together, traditions, beliefs, and everything related to folk culture is deliberated and agreed upon. As such, as early as prehistoric times. what is now we consider as folk culture is really a rudimentary form of popular culture that existed among ancient societies. From there, Wertz identified three (3) popular culture milestones during this time: wedding ceremonies, music, and fashion. Weddings and religion are inextricable, as weddings are solemn rites dedicated for two (2) humans to form a pact between them to love each other and make their lives work as one usually under the providence of their preferred deity. With weddings becoming more elaborate, so too did the music. Music began to evolve since Western composers began to commit their music into paper during the Renaissance allowing it to be shared. Meanwhile, Eastern music was still dedicated to the passing of music through practice and memory (where musical composition in the East came much later). As for fashion, it boomed when aristocrats and the royalty began to wear clothes that took these pieces of clothing beyond functionality. With them, the working class began to emulate these outfits. Outside the West, the East was still guided by cultural castes which limited the working class's options in terms of fashion (but so did the upper classes, as they had little to no connection to the West in terms of fashion aesthetics). One (1) thing to note from Wertz is his special mention of William Shakespeare, the man regarded by many to be one (1) of the many "superstars" of popular culture. This is because his works bridged both fine art and popular art, making his works appeal to many. ## Globalization of Popular Culture Whenever we hear the word "globalization," we immediately think of the Internet, satellite televisions, and radio. But globalization does not require such technologies it can occur even with simple conveniences such as pen and paper! Globalization of popular culture occurred during the Age of Exploration -- the time when Westerners began to explore the open seas and began trading (with most of the time conquering) with other civilizations. What we know is this: whatever popular aspects of their culture are brought to these "new" lands, they brought some of the popular culture aspects of the "others" back with them on their way home. We can look at the following examples of globalization of cultures below. * In the Philippines, the opening of the Suez Canal allowed us access to the popular cultures of the West, which included novels, knowledge, and music, among other things. * In China, however, the introduction of opium to them almost ruined their countrymen because the British covertly brought the drug with them during their voyage and illegally sold them to the Chinese black market. * Europe got hold of chocolate because of their conquest of the Americas, where cacao beans grow in abundance. Originally used in Mesoamerican rituals, it became an instant hit to the European market, which also caused the slave trade to boom. * Back then, knowledge was sacred because everything had to be copied painstakingly by hand. Because of Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing press, knowledge began to spread further and became more accessible via mass-reproduced books. ## The Industrial Age As technology boomed, so did the availability of some cultural aesthetics. What was considered folk and high cultures were rapidly becoming part of popular culture. Theater plays became accessible to people who wished to study drama, music pieces being written down in sheets for people to play with -- and with the advent of film and television, more people began to rapidly consume any cultural aesthetics shown to them. As an example, Filipino cinema started as a form of high culture in 1897 by showing moving pictures at the Salon de Pertierra in Manila. In September 1919, the first original Pinoy film directed by José Nepomuceno was entitled *Dalagang Bukid*, which paved the way for the masses to access the once-high culture aspect of film viewing. José Nepomuceno pioneered filmmaking in the Philippines and is considered as Father of Philippine Cinema. ## Popular Culture, Society, and Technology As technology improved, so did the living standards of society. Technology also paved the way for more aspects of folk and high cultures being accommodated into the hands of the hungry consumer generating more popular culture icons. As an example, the development of the sewing machine paved the way for the mass production of high-end clothes now accessible to the working class. Each category of popular culture was brought upon by the increasing demand for technology (we have already mentioned some of them prior to this discussion, but it will be better if we mention them again for convenience). **Image Description:** The image shows four squares. The top left features a Rode microphone. The top right features a person sitting in front of a computer. The bottom left features the words: "PROD. THE DIRECTOR ROLL SCENE 37A 8 TAKE DIRECTOR: Henley Christopher CAMERA: Emily DATE: 05-26-2018 Night". The bottom right features a person's hands on a laptop computer. Figure 1. The four (4) most common technological media for popular culture: radio, film, television, and the Internet. * The **entertainment** category started out with the advent of printed media in the form of books, journals, newspapers, and eventually comic books and other similar visual media. When radio became accessible, music and radio dramas became smash hits. Televisions paved the way for more popular culture content, which eventually evolved into films. * The **lifestyle** category dramatically improved with the introduction of the sewing machine for fashion. For food, cookbooks became a thing, and education for culinary arts became accessible. The camera allowed the masses to create their own art through still images, which also gave them a way to "freeze" moments in time. Dance evolved from an expression of culture into an expression of the performer. * The **sports, news, and politics** categories boomed with the advent of mass communication, such as newspaper coverages,radio hosting, and televised events such as competitions, press releases, and government announcements. * The **technology** boomed when people started to intertwine accessibility and function. From telegraphs to mobile phones, the transfer of communication drives people to create new ways to stay connected. Eventually, everything became even more accessible with the dawn of the Internet and of social media. ## The Icons and Trends of Philippine Popular Culture We have already heard about the different trends that popped up from the West. Here in our country, we also have popular icons and trends that we have grown up with. We can list some of them below using the categories of popular culture discussed earlier. ## The Pre-Colonial Philippines and their Myths * **Entertainment:** Since the country during the pre-colonial period was a country full of warring tribes, each tribe had its own *kundiman*, epics, poetry, legends, and mythologies. As an example, each tribe has its own god of war. Notable figures include Lam-ang, Urduja, Bathala, Talagbusao, Ibu, Bakunawa, Pilandok, and the couple Malakas and Maganda. Our legends of aswang are also categorized here. Traditional instruments, such as the kulintang, bansik, kudyapi, and kubing, among others, also fall here. * **Lifestyle:** Early Filipinos learned to adapt and survive in the harsh tropical jungles of our archipelago. This is reflected in our choice materials for making clothes: abaca, nipa, and other sturdy plant fibers. Using native minerals (such as iron, copper, and gold) and pearls, as well as tattoos, were also fashionable during this period. Through bartering with nearby traders, early Filipinos got silk, condiments (such as soy sauce and spices), porcelain, and other prized objects. Early Filipino architecture includes the nipa stilt houses and bamboo houses. Folk and tribal dances such as the Tinikling, Singkil, and the Maglalatik were practiced. * There is nothing much going on in the **sports, news, and politics** categories because the country was in a "warring tribes" period. Slave trade was common during this period, which gave rise to the *aliping namamahay* (i.e., peasants or serfs) and the *aliping saguiguilid* (i.e., prisoners-of-war turned into actual slaves). Famous sports include the various Filipino martial arts (of which include Sikaran, Yaw-yan, Daga y Latigo, Panantukan, and Arnis de Mano, among others), wrestling, archery, sipa (our traditional sport closely related to sepak takraw), and sabong (cockfighting). * **Technology:** Early Filipinos, through trading, got to experience and learn new techniques in metal forging, pottery, weaving, and navigation, among other acquired skills. Writing was also a valued technology, of which engravings and wall writings such as the Angono petroglyphs, baybayin, and the Laguna Copperplate Inscription are examples. ## When Spain Came to Colonize The Spanish Occupation was equal parts good and bad. Filipinos suffered for 333 years under the Spanish regime; however, Spain imparted much of their culture and other outside cultures as well to us. This resulted in a cultural blending for us Filipinos. * **Entertainment:** Spain gave us several forms of entertainment that revolved around observing religious practices such as the *zarzuela (sarswela)*, *pasion (pasyon)*, and the *cenaculo (senakulo)*. The *awit* and the *corrido* became the dominant literary pieces accessible to the Filipinos, with *Ibong Adarna, Bernardo Carpio,* and *Florante at Laura* as prime examples. With the opening of the Suez Canal, novels were integrated into the Filipino literary works, with *Noli Me Tangere* and *El Filibusterismo* as well. * **Lifestyle:** The Western fashion sense was openly adopted in our culture, with *barong Tagalog* and the *baro't saya* (with the Maria Clara as the baro't saya's formal variant) being prime examples. The folk dances that we know were incorporated with Spanish elements as well as introducing new dances such as the *pasodoble, fandango (Pandanggo), curacha, rigodon, waltz, jota, polka,* and *lanceros*. Our local cuisine began to incorporate more of the different cultures in our country, with examples including *adobo* (this is derived from the Spanish cooking term *adobar* the original Filipino term lost in history), *pancit, champorado, pineapples,* and *leche flan* (an example of a crème caramel). Elements of Western fine arts (such as the Spoliarium) and formal education (such as the Ateneo de Manila University and the University of Santo Toras) became integral inclusions to our culture. * **Sports:** The Spaniards introduced fencing and gun duels; however, only a few learned them as the Spaniards deemed that Filipinos learning any Western martial art might instigate rebellion. Even then, Filipinos were already learned in the art of war. Another sport introduced during their last stand was football (or soccer in the United States). * **News and Politics:** Some of the famous news events during this period are the Propaganda Movement and the GomBurZa Execution, which in turn sprang forth from the Cavite Mutiny, which led to the Philippine Revolution. Other significant events were the various revolts all over the country, such as the Dagohoy Revolt, the Silang Revolt, and the Basi Revolt. Prominent figures of our history rose and fell, which include Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Emilio Aguinaldo, Teresa Magbanua, and Melchora Aquino. Included also are the victory of Mindanao (with Sultan Kudarat as a prime example) and the Igorots defending the Cordilleras over the Spanish conquerors. * **Technology:** As the Age of Exploration reached its end and ushered in the Industrial Age, technology boomed even further because of the advancements in the various sciences. Some technologies introduced during the Spanish Occupation were electricity, light fixtures, materials from the Galleon Trade (of which included Mexican products), piña fiber, firearms, and books (during the opening of the Suez Canal). ## The American Dream and the Filipinos The Americans conquered us next after they staged the Spanish American War on our native soil (where, in fact, Spain had already traded us along with their other territories -- to the United States). What came next is the Americanization of the Filipinos, who openly embraced the American Dream, and made it our dream as well. Events of the Second World War and the abrupt occupation of Japan in the country are also included here as well since the Americans seceded from us (thereby earning our independence) by the end of the Second World War. * **Entertainment:** Americans gave us radio technology, where our first radio station was established in 1924. Radio lets us listen to more American music, such as jazz and Western swing. Theater, although already introduced by Spain, was developed further during the American Occupation. A noteworthy form of American entertainment was the vaudeville (bodabil). Film was first introduced by Spain in 1897, but the masses took hold of filmmaking in 1919, with *Dalagang Bukid* being the first pure Filipino film produced. Prominent icons during this time were Atang dela Rama, Paraluman, Fernando Poe, Sr., Sampaguita Pictures, and Carmen Rosales. * **Lifestyle:** Filipinos openly embraced the American lifestyle. Fashionwise, the Filipinos wore Americana (a suit-and-pants ensemble for men) alongside the traditional attire, while Filipinas wore flapper dresses alongside the Maria Clara. As for food, Americans gave us frankfurters (or hot dogs), fried chicken, pot roasts, and cheesecake, to name a few. Dances such as the foxtrot, square dance, conga, rhumba, ballet, and jive were incorporated into our dance repertoire. * **Sports:** The Filipinos openly embraced basketball a ball game that rivaled even with the country's national sport (sipa or sepak takraw) and played everywhere. Also introduced were volleyball and boxing. As we embraced all things American, we also participated in every Summer Olympics since its inception in 1924. * **News and Politics:** The Filipinos, despite taking in whatever the Americans brought with them, still saw them as a threat because they simply replaced Spain as the new conqueror. As such, tensions rose within the regime; but everything changed when World War II happened. Notable examples are racism, the Bataan Death March, the comfort women, the tokkeitai, the kenpeitai, Aguinaldo's Exile, the Battle of Tirad Pass, and the Filipino-American War. Notable individuals include William McKinley, William Howard Taft, Leonard Wood, Antonio Luna, Gregorio del Pilar, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Alejandrino, Manuel L. Quezon, Jose P. Laurel, Jose Abad Santos, Josefa Llanes Escoda, Vicente Lim, and the father son duo Arthur and Douglas MacArthur. * **Technology:** As mentioned earlier, the Americans gave us radio and film. During this time, advancements in medicine (medicines, research of tropical diseases), agriculture (additional crops such as atsuete, tobacco, and papaya), and food processing (such as beer and carbonated drinks) were observed. ## The Flourishing Pop Culture After WWII When the dust settled down after the Second World War, the Philippines began to move forward on its own following its independence. Our country faced many trials and tribulations, as this period spans four (4) decades from the early 50s up to the late 80s. * **Entertainment:** The Filipino entertainment industry initially struggled but saw a huge commercial boom following the advent of television technology. Prominent examples are the establishments of Alto Broadcasting System and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (which later merged to form ABS-CBN), Global Media Arts (or GMA, initially called Greater Manila Area), Radio Philippines Network(or RPN), People's Television Network (or PTV, initially called the Government Television [GTV]), and the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (orIBC, formerly called Inter Island Broadcasting Corporation). Prominent film companies include Regal Entertainment and Seiko Films. Prominent film and TV icons include Fernando Poe, Jr., Gloria Romero, Rosa Rosal, Dolphy, Nida Blanca, and Zaldy Zshornack. This period also marked the long-standing popular culture of forming love teams, which also include intense rivalry among fans, with some examples including Corazon NobleAngel Esmeralda, Carmen Rosales Rogelio dela Rosa (Mameng at Rogerj, Pancho Magadonna Tita Duran, Nora Aunor Tirso Cruz Ill (Guy at Pip), Vilma Santos Edgar Mortiz (Vi at Bot), Richard Gomez-Dawn Zulueta (Chard at Dawn), Sharon Cuneta Gabby Concepcion(Shawie at Gabby), and Maricel Soriano William Martinez. This period also saw the boom of Original Pilipino Music (or OPM), of which some examples include Efren Montes, (originallysung Kiss Me, Kiss Me), Claire dela Fuente, ASIN, Juan dela Cruz, Maria Cafra, and Elizabeth Ramsey. The country still left with traces of love of Western culture, also listened to The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Tom Jones, Barbra Streisand, and Madonna, to natue a few. Many famous international animations were aired during thisperiod which includes Astroboy Voltes V Gumby Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Thundercuts, and Ghostbusters. * **Lifestyle:** The fashion trends in the United States quickly caught up in the local scene. The Pinoy 60s saw the "flower power" Jacqueline Kennedy's hairstyle and wore sundresses, while men wore floral shirts along with slacks and loafers. The Pinoy 70s is called the "disco" decade, where people wore bellbottom jeans, frilled sleeves, patterned shirts, cardigans, cardigan vests, and colorful kerchiefs. The Pinoy 80s followed the American "fitness craze, where colorful scrunchies casual gym wear, jackets, and windbreakers added to the Filipino wardrobe. Women also supported power dressing which includes wearing padded upper garments such as padded T-shirts and padded blazers, which empower them to take on more societal duties deemed masculine Certain dance crazes popped during this time, of which disco and Rico Mambo are examples. Slang words began to become incorporated in the Filipino vernacular, of which some like yosi (from sigarilyo, cigarette), erpat (from father), bagets (from bagito, inexperienced), japayuki (from Japan + Karayuki-san, incidents about the trafficking of Japanese women to China), tambay (from stand by), resbak(from wrest back), salvage (most likely from Spanish salvaje,violent), and jeproks (from Projects, a government resettlementprogram in Quezon City) are examples. * **Sports:** Since we became an independent nation, we got to join the first Winter Olympics in 1972 and have participated in them ever since. * **News:** Some memorable non-political events included the "Chop-Chop Lady" murder of Lucila lalu, the death of Fernando Poe Sr. due to rabies, the ratification of the Rizal Law, the victories of Gloria Diaz and Margie Moran in Miss Universe, and the separation of Sharon Cuneta and Gabby Concepcion. Things became more political for us during the 1980 Summer Olympics Boycott when the United States and its allies (which us) spurned the Soviet Union (modern-day Russia) because of their invasion of Afghanistan. In retaliation, the Soviet Union and their allies led the 1984 Summer 0lympics Boycott. * Politics: Filipino politics was the other side of our popular culture. This is because most of the events in our country weredriven by political events such as the death of Ramon Magsaysay the declaration of Martial Law, the imprisonment and death of Beneigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. the suspension of thewrit of habeas corpus, the Snap Elections the First People Power Revolution, the victory of Corazon Aquino as the first female presideut. the 1987 coup d'état (read as kuh-de-tah) led by Gregory "Grimgo" Honasan, and the 1989 coup d'état led by Honasan and former First Lady Imelda Marcos. In the sociopolitical lens, during the martial law under marcosregime, the abrupt canceliation, and banning Voltes VMazinger Z, Daimos, and other televin shows qualify howcensorship under martial law affected children. It is believed thatMarcos meddled these shows they represent the battles in a totalitarian system. * Technology: The Filipinos got to experience to graphophome. a device that plays vinyl disks (plaka), Some graphophones were sold with the modern cassette radio which plays cassette tages. Cathode-ray televivions of the both grayscale and colored vaiants) became mash hit in the Filipino household The Filipinos enjoyed through lamding telephones and people talked to each other hours and end (hence the term telabadad. 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