Chapter 1: Introduction to WWW and the Internet PDF

# Chapter 1: Introduction to WWW and the Internet ## Wisdom words of the day <3 **Hadith 1** Anas ibn Malik reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: طَلَبُ الْعِلْمِ فَرِيضَةٌ عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim. ## Outline -...

# Chapter 1: Introduction to WWW and the Internet ## Wisdom words of the day <3 **Hadith 1** Anas ibn Malik reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: طَلَبُ الْعِلْمِ فَرِيضَةٌ عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim. ## Outline - 1.1 Internet technology and the World Wide Web (WWW) - 1.2 Web application architecture. - 1.3 Server concept and Web client. - 1.4 Web Browser. - 1.5 Evolution of the Internet and Web. - 1.6 Analysis requirements and Web design. - 1.7 Scripting, outline work and Web platform. ## The Web and Internet - The World Wide Web, or Web for short, are the pages shown at a device when online. - The Internet is the network of connected computers that the web works on. ## The History **Key milestones (1969 - 1998):** - ARPANET (1969) - The Domain Name System (DNS) was developed in 1980s. - The first graphical web browser, called WorldWideWeb, was created by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN - Tim Berners-Lee proposed the Web (1989). - The first web page was published (1990). - The first content-based search protocol called Gopher was introduced (1991). - The first widely downloaded Internet browser, Mosaic was released (1993). - The first webmail service, HoTMail was launched (1996). - Google was launched (1998). ## History of the Internet and WWW A diagram depicting the history of the internet and WWW with a timeline from 1969 to 201x. * **1969**: ARPA net * **1980**: NSF net * **1983**: TCP/IP * **1984**: DNS * **1990**: WWW * **201x**: ? ## How the Web works? - Client-Server architecture - The client makes a service request and the server responds with the service. ## The Internet Architecture A diagram depicting the internet architecture with a circle at the center with the word "internet" inside it. There are 7 boxes surrounding the circle each with the following text: - 1) TCP/IP - 2) IP Address - 3) DNS - 4) Internet Service - 5) WWW - 6) URL - 7) HTTP **Figure: Protocols and Technologies which Composes the Internet** ## Web Server - Software and hardware that uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and other protocols to respond to client requests made over the Web. - Store, process and deliver web pages to users. - e.g. Microsoft IIS, Apache, Nginx, iPlanet Web Server, etc. ## Example of Web Server - Internet Information Services (IIS) - A screenshot of the IIS Manager showing folders, files and functions. ## Example of Web Server - Internet Information Services (IIS) - A screenshot of the IIS Manager showing folders, files and functions. ## Example of Web Server - Apache (XAMPP) - A screenshot of a web page featuring a message stating that XAMPP has been successfully installed on this system. ## Example of Web Server - Apache (XAMPP) - A screenshot of a folder tree that shows the directory structure for dashboard. ## Communication Networks - Internet is a global network of physical cables, which include cooper telephone wires and fiber optic cables. - Even wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G/5G rely on these physical cables to access the Internet. ## Communication Protocols - A standard mechanism to allow dissimilar systems to communicate. - A single communication may involve different protocols. - **Some common protocols:** - i. Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - ii. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - iii. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ## Communication Protocols ### TCP/IP: - Enable a device to exchange data over a network. - TCP: control the assembly of message into packets before it is transmitted over the Internet, and reassembly of the packets once they reach their destination. - IP: handle all the addressing details for each packet, ensuring that each is labeled with the correct destination address, which is the IP address. ## Communication Protocols ### HTTP: - Allows Web resources to transfer between a web server and a web browser. - Defines what actions a web server and a web browser should take in response to various commands. - e.g. when URL is entered in the browser, this sends a command to the web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested web page. ## Communication Protocols ### FTP: - Set of rules by which computers transfer data over the Internet. - URL begins with ftp:// rather than -http. - Accessed either with the web browser or software that supports FTP. - FTP site can be browsed as though they were files on the local computer - upload/download, manage files. - FTP site may require login. ## Internet Protocol (IP) Address - Unique identifier assigned to a device in a computer network. - Public IP address: an IP address that can be accessed directly over the internet and is assigned to the router by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). - Private IP address: an IP address in a local network. - Two versions: IPv4, IPv6 ## Domain Name System (DNS) - A naming database in which Internet domain names are located and translated into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. - The whole system involves a collection of servers. ## Domain Name System (DNS) - A diagram depicting how Domain Name System works. ## Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - Address of a given unique resource on the Web. - Consist of three parts: - i. Scheme (protocol), - ii. Authority (domain name), - iii. Port, - iv. Path to file, - v. Parameters, - vi. Anchor ## Web Page - A document written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and can be viewed on any web browsers. - Stored in a specific directory within a web server. - May contain text, graphics, videos, hyperlinks to other pages etc. ## Website - A collection of related web pages that may contain text, images, audio and video. - The first page of a website is called home page. - **Two types:** - static website: the codes are fixed while its content rarely change. - dynamic website: its content changes dynamically. ## Website - A table comparing Static and Dynamic websites ## Web Browser - A software program that interpret and displays web pages thus allowing users to interact with web pages. - Interpret web pages delivered using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) into human-readable content. - Display web pages composed using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and/or Extensible Markup Language (XML). - e.g. Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Opera etc. ## Web Browser - Main Features: - Personalization - Search engine - Bookmarks - Security settings ## Analysis requirements and Web design. - Topics generally covered during a standard web development requirement analysis are as follows: - Preferred platform and technology for development - Standard layout of the website - Design features such as logo, special fonts, ad space details - Features and functionality required - Space allocation for content and photos - Header and footer details - Contact form and subscription details ## Scripting, outline work and Web platform. - The process of creating and embedding scripts in a web page is known as **web-scripting**. A script or a computer-script is a list of commands that are embedded in a web-page normally and are interpreted and executed by a certain program or scripting engine. - Scripts may be written for a variety of purposes such as for automating processes on a local-computer or to generate web pages. - The programming languages in which scripts are written are called scripting language, there are many scripting languages available today. Common scripting languages are VBScript, JavaScript, ASP, PHP, PERL, JSP etc. ## Types of Script: - Scripts are broadly of following two types: - **Client-Side Script** - **Server-Side Script** ## Open Discussion - How the Web finds your web page over billions of other web pages? Consider that the user does not know the exact URL of your web page. - What might happen to the Web without any search engines? - What are the benefits of using WWW?