بنية الإنترنت و الشبكة العنكبوتية

Introduction to WWW and the Internet

• The World Wide Web (WWW) consists of web pages displayed on devices online.
• The Internet is a network of interconnected computers that facilitate web operations. Each computer on the Internet has a unique address.

Hadith

• Seeking knowledge is a duty for every Muslim.

Outline

• Internet technology and the World Wide Web (WWW).
• Web application architecture.
• Concept of server and web client.
• Web browser.
• Evolution of the Internet and the Web.
• Requirements for web design and analysis.
• Web platform, scripting, and outline work.

Key Milestones (1969-1998)

• ARPANET (1969).
• Development of the Domain Name System (DNS) in the 1980s.
• Creation of the first graphical web browser, WorldWideWeb, by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN.
• Tim Berners-Lee's proposal for the Web (1989).
• Publication of the first web page (1990).
• Introduction of the Gopher content-based search protocol (1991).
• Release of the Mosaic internet browser (1993).
• Launch of HoTMail, the first webmail service (1996).
• Launch of Google (1998).

How the Web Works

• Client-server architecture.
• Clients request services, and servers respond with those services.

Internet Architecture

• Diagram illustrating the protocols and technologies involved in the internet architecture. The components include TCP/IP, Internet service, DNS, WWW, URL, and HTTP .

Web Server

• Software and hardware using HTTP and other protocols to respond to client requests.
• Processes and delivers web pages to users.
• Examples include Microsoft IIS, Apache, Nginx, and iPlanet Web Server.

Communication Networks

• The internet is a global network of physical cables (telephone wires and fiber optics).
• Even wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G/5G rely on these physical cables for internet access.

Communication Protocols

• Standard mechanisms for communication between different systems.
• A single communication might use multiple protocols.
• Common protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP.

TCP/IP

• Enables devices to exchange data over a network.
• TCP controls the assembly and reassembly of message packets for transmission and destination.
• IP handles addressing details to ensure correct destination of each packet.

HTTP

• Allows web resources to transfer between web servers and browsers.
• Defines actions web servers and browsers take in response to commands.
• For example, entering a URL in a browser initiates a command to the web server to fetch and transmit the webpage.

FTP

• Set of rules for data transfer over the internet.
• URLs typically begin with "ftp://" instead of "http://".
• Accessed by web browsers or dedicated software.
• Allows browsing FTP sites like local files; upload/download/manage files; may require login.

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

• Unique identifier for devices in a computer network.
• A public IP address is accessible directly on the internet and is assigned by an internet service provider (ISP).
• A private IP address is used in a local network.
• Two versions: IPv4 and IPv6.

Domain Name System (DNS)

• Database of internet domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.
• A system of servers translates domain names into IP addresses.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

• Address of a given unique resource on the web.
• Consists of several components: protocol, authority (domain name), port, path to file, parameters, and anchor.

Web Page

• Document written in HTML, visible on any web browser.
• Stored in a specific directory on a web server.
• May contain text, graphics, videos, and hyperlinks.

Website

• Collection of related web pages, containing text, images, audio, and video.
• The first page is the homepage.
• Types include static (fixed code, unchanging content) and dynamic (changing content).

Web Browser

• Software program that interprets and displays web pages, enabling user interaction.
• Converts HTTP data into a human-readable format.
• Displays web pages using HTML and/or XML.
• Examples include Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Opera.
• Key features such as personalization, search engine, bookmarks, and security settings.

Analysis Requirements and Web Design

• Topics covered in web development requirement analysis.
• Preferred platform/technology for development.
• Standard website layout.
• Design features (logo, fonts, ad space).
• Required functionalities.
• Content and photo space allocation.
• Header and footer details.
• Contact forms and subscriptions.

Scripting, Outline Work, and Web Platform

• Creation and embedding of scripts in web pages is called web scripting.
• Scripts are lists of commands executed by a scripting engine.
• Scripts are useful for automation and generating web pages.
• Examples of programming languages are VBScript, JavaScript, ASP, PHP, PERL, and JSP, etc.

Types of Scripts

• Broadly classified as client-side and server-side scripts.

Open Discussion

• How the web finds a specific webpage amid billions of others.
• Impact of the web without search engines.
• Benefits of using the WWW.