Figures of Speech PDF

FIGURES OF SPEECH 12 STEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define figures of speech Explain the purpose of figures of speech Compare and contrast figures of speech 21st Century from the Philippines and the World  FIGURES OF SPEECH (FOP) 1. The figure of s...

FIGURES OF SPEECH 12 STEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define figures of speech Explain the purpose of figures of speech Compare and contrast figures of speech 21st Century from the Philippines and the World  FIGURES OF SPEECH (FOP) 1. The figure of speech means the shape/ purpose of speech or statement. 2. Figure of speech refers to a group of words that deviate from literal interpretation that must be taken in a non-literal sense or figurative way to understand the meaning. Source: University of Illinois  PURPOSE OF FOP Figures of speech are highly effective, for they add vividness, vigor, and beauty to utterances. Figures of speech is extensively used in day-to-day speech, written and oral literature. Figures of speech is used in a distinctive way to produce a rhetorical effect.  ON RHETORIC Rhetoric is the way in which people communicate in everyday life. These communications can be persuasive in nature and can be made of text, images, video, or any other type of media. Rhetoric requires an understanding and control of language and knowledge of culture.  COMPARISON DEVICES 21ST CENTURY FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD  SIMILE A simile is a figurative language that compares unlike event or a thing with the words “like” or “as”, which tries to elucidate their similar features. TYPES OF SIMILE  OBVIOUS SIMILE The writer creates an image that illustrates similarities between two concepts. Examples: She is as cute as a button. He is as busy as a bee. The news hit me like a ton of bricks.  CLICHÉD SIMILE Clichéd simile is called worn-out simile. This simile has become a mix-copied phrase and as such has no longer the original and impactful meaning. Examples: As cold as ice. As brave as a tiger. As strong as an elephant.  IRONIC SIMILE Ironic similes create a comparison between the things that are unexpected, contradictory and sometimes humorous. Examples: The party was as lively as a funeral. He was as helpful as a screen door on a submarine. The plan was as clear as mud.  HYPERBOLIC SIMILE Hyperbolic simile is used for exaggeration in order to create a more intense and dramatic comparison. Examples: She’s as busy as a bee. He ran as fast as lightning. He was as hungry as a horse. Her voice was like nails on a chalkboard.  METAPHOR Metaphor is a figure of speech that implies comparison between two unlike entities. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other. Achilles was a lion in the fight. TYPES OF METAPHOR  STANDARD METAPHOR A standard metaphor directly compares two things without using "like" or "as." It is a straightforward and simple form of metaphor. Examples: Time is a thief. The classroom was a zoo. His heart is a cold iron. The stars were diamonds in the sky.  IMPLIED METAPHOR Implied metaphors suggest a comparison without directly stating it. Examples: She barked orders at her team. She sailed through her exams. He was drowning in paperwork.  EXTENDED METAPHOR An extended metaphor is a comparison that continues throughout a series of sentences, a paragraph, or even an entire work. It develops the metaphor in greater depth and can be used to convey complex ideas. Example: Simile: Your ex is sneaky as a snake. Standard metaphor: That man is a snake. Extended metaphor: You’re a snake! Everything you hiss out of your mouth is a lie. You frighten children, and you have no spine.  EXTENDED METAPHOR Examples: 1. Life is a highway, full of twists, turns, and unexpected stops. Sometimes the road is smooth, other times it's bumpy, but you keep moving forward. 2.Books are the keys to wisdom's vast libraries. They unlock doors to new worlds, open windows to the past, and offer maps to unknown futures.  DEAD METAPHOR A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so often that it has lost its original impact or imagery. These metaphors have become so common that they are now considered literal expressions. Examples: The foot of the bed Head over heels Time is running out The heart of the city  VISUAL METAPHOR A visual image compares something to a visual image of another. Advertisers and artists commonly use these metaphors in art, advertising, and film. VISUAL METAPHOR VISUAL METAPHOR  CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR A conceptual metaphor maps one conceptual domain onto another. It’s a broader metaphor that helps people understand one idea in terms of another. This type of metaphor shapes how we think and communicate. Examples: Argument is war. Life is a journey. Ideas are food. Time is money.  ALLUSION An allusion is a brief, indirect reference to a person, place, event, or piece of literature. It assumes that the reader will recognize the reference and understand its deeper meaning or implication.  ALLUSION Examples: He was a real Romeo with the ladies. She has a Mona Lisa smile. I got sucked down that rabbit hole. She's a good swimmer, but she's no Ariel. We got a new Einstein in school today. Chocolate cake is my Achilles heel. Those two are David and Goliath.  ALLUSIONS IN TS SONGS Examples: Love Story (Fearless TV) “You’re my Achilles’ heel” -State of Grace (RED TV) Wonderland (1989 TV) “It was the best of times, the worst of crimes” -Getaway Car (reputation) “And the road not taken looks real good now” -’tis the damn season (evermore)  SYNECDOCHE A synecdoche is a figure of speech where a part of something is used to refer to the whole, or vice versa. It’s a form of metaphor, but it specifically uses a part to represent the whole entity or the whole to represent a part.  SYNECDOCHE Examples: All hands on deck! I need a headcount by morning. Nice wheels!  METONYMY Metonymy is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is replaced with another that is closely associated with it, rather than a part of it (as in synecdoche). It relies on the association between the two things rather than literal parts.  METONYMY Examples: “The pen is mightier than the sword.” “Hollywood is obsessed with superhero movies.” “He drank the cup.”  CONTRASTIVE DEVICES 21ST CENTURY FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD  ANTITHESIS Antithesis refers to a statement which contains two opposite ideas and a contrast that makes logical sense.  ANTITHESIS Examples: The more that you say, the less I know (Willow, Taylor Swift) Get busy living or get busy dying. Speech is silver but silence is gold. Easy come, easy go. Out of sight, out of mind.  OXYMORON Oxymoron is a phrase that combines two words that seem to be the opposite of each other.  OXYMORON Examples: Paid volunteers Tragic comedy Original copies Deafening silence Sad smile Alone together  IRONY Irony means a statement or event undermined by the context in which it occurs (Tyson, 2006). Irony is a literary device in which words are used to express a contradiction between appearance and reality. TYPES OF IRONY  VERBAL IRONY Verbal irony is when a speaker or writer says one thing but actually means the opposite. Verbal irony is also called as sarcasm. Examples: "A crab in heels would have better poise." "I know you have two faces, but three chins is remarkable!" VERBAL IRONY  SITUATIONAL IRONY Situational irony is when the outcome of a situation is inconsistent with what we expect would logically or normally occur. SITUATIONAL IRONY SITUATIONAL IRONY  DRAMATIC IRONY Dramatic irony is when the audience or the reader is aware of something that a character does not know. Examples: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Snow White and the Seven Dwarves Beauty and the Beast SOUND DEVICES  ALLITERATION Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound in two or more closely placed words. It is often used to create rhythm, mood, or to emphasize a particular phrase.  ALLITERATION Examples: “She sells seashells by the seashore.” “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” “Whispering winds whistled through the willows.”  ASSONANCE Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within closely placed words. Unlike alliteration, it can occur anywhere in the words, not just at the beginning. Assonance is often used to create internal rhyme or to add a musical quality to a line of text.  ASSONANCE Examples: “The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plains.” “I lie down by the side of my bride.” “Hear the mellow wedding bells.” (from Edgar Allan Poe’s The Bells)  CONSONANCE Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of closely placed words. It differs from alliteration, which only focuses on the beginning sounds. Consonance can create a sense of rhythm or harmony and is often used to emphasize specific words or phrases.  CONSONANCE Examples: “The lumpy, bumpy road.” “The ship has sailed to the far off shores.” “Pitter-patter, pitter-patter.”  ONOMATOPOEIA Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate or suggest the sound they describe. These words are often used to make writing more vivid or to evoke a sensory experience, as they appeal directly to the sense of hearing.  ONOMATOPOEIA Examples: The bees buzzed in the garden.” “The door creaked open.” “The cat meowed loudly.” You and your friend are on your way to a restaurant on a Saturday evening, but you get stuck in traffic. Your friend turns to you and says: “This is so much fun. I can’t think of a better way to spend a Saturday evening!” Situational Irony The barbarians broke through the barricade. Alliteration My mom has a heart of gold. Metaphor  Deadline Dead Metaphor Better to reign in Hell, than to serve in Heaven. Antithesis  Splash of water Onomatopoeia We are planning to hire some more hands. Synecdoche Your tea is an old news. Oxymoron I was in a dark room, loud tunes, looking to make a vow soon. Assonance  He’s as skinny as a toothpick. Hyperbolic Simile OTHER FOP  ANACHRONISM An anachronism is an error in chronology, where something is placed in a time period where it does not belong. This could be an object, event, or person that appears in a setting that is historically inaccurate.  ANACHRONISM Examples: “She sells seashells by the seashore.” “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” “Whispering winds whistled through the willows.”  ANADIPLOSIS Anadiplosis is a rhetorical device where the last word or phrase of one clause or sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next.  ANADIPLOSIS Examples: “Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.” (Yoda, Star Wars) “The general who became a slave. The slave who became a gladiator. The gladiator who defied an emperor.” (Gladiator) “When I give, I give myself.” (Walt Whitman)  ANAPHORA Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. It is often used to create rhythm, build emphasis, or evoke strong emotions.  ANAPHORA A Tale of Two Cities “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.” -Charles Dickens  ANAPHORA The Tyger “What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?” -William Blake  ANAPHORA Do you ever feel like a plastic bag? Drifting through the wind, wanting to start again? Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin Like a house of cards, one blow from caving in? Do you ever feel already buried deep six feet under? Scream but no one seems to hear a thing Do you know that there’s still a chance for you ‘Cause there’s a sparks in you? -Katy Perry  CHIASMUS Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures. This creates a mirror-like effect and can be used to emphasize a contrast or produce a memorable statement.  CHIASMUS Examples: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” (John F. Kennedy) “Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.” “You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.” (Cormac McCarthy, The Road)  EPISTROPHE Epistrophe means turning upon, which indicates the same word returns at the end of the sentence.  EPISTROPHE ‘Cause if you liked it then you should’ve put a ring on it If you liked it then you should’ve put a ring on it Don’t be mad when you feel that he wants it If you liked it then you should’ve put a ring on it -Beyonce  EUPHEMISM A euphemism is a mild or indirect word or expression used to replace one that may be considered harsh, blunt, or offensive. Euphemisms are often employed to soften the impact of a statement, especially in sensitive contexts like death, bodily functions, or social situations.  EUPHEMISM Examples: “Passed away” instead of “died.” “Between jobs” instead of “unemployed.” “Let go” instead of “fired.”  GRAWLIX A grawlix is a series of symbols or letters (like @#$%&) used in comics and informal writing to represent swearing or strong language. Grawlixes are often used to convey the idea of profanity without explicitly stating the words, maintaining decorum or humor.  GRAWLIX Examples: “I can’t believe he said that! What the @$%&!” “That was a total @#$! up.”  HYPERBOLE Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally, often used for emphasis, humor, or to convey strong emotions. It highlights the intensity of feelings or situations through extreme exaggeration.  HYPERBOLE Examples: “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.” “I’ve told you a million times not to do that!” “It’s raining cats and dogs.”  PARAPROSDOKIAN A paraprosdokian is a figure of speech where the latter part of a sentence or phrase is unexpected, often creating a humorous or ironic twist. It plays with the reader’s or listener’s expectations and can lead to witty conclusions.  PARAPROSDOKIAN Examples: “I used to think I was indecisive, but now I’m not so sure.” “The early bird might get the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese.” “I want to die peacefully in my sleep, like my grandfather did. Not screaming and yelling like the passengers in his car.”  KENNING A kenning is a compound expression in Old English and Old Norse poetry that describes a person, place, or thing in a metaphorical way, often using two or more words to replace a single noun. Kennings are often used to add a poetic quality to the language.  KENNING Examples: “Whale-road” for “ocean.” “Sky-candle” for “sun.” “Bone-house” for “body.”  PERIPHRASIS Periphrasis is the use of a longer phrase to convey a meaning that could be expressed more concisely. It often involves wordy or roundabout expressions instead of using straightforward language. Periphrasis can add a formal, poetic, or humorous touch to the writing.  PERIPHRASIS Examples: “The vehicle of choice for the wealthy and influential” “The elongated yellow fruit” “He who must not be named”  PERSONIFICATION Personification is a figure of speech where human characteristics are attributed to non-human entities, such as animals, objects, or abstract concepts. It is used to create vivid imagery and make descriptions more relatable.  PERSONIFICATION Examples: “The wind whispered through the trees.” “The sun smiled down on us.” “Time marches on, leaving no one behind.”  PLEONASM Pleonasm is the use of redundant words or phrases that convey the same meaning. While it can sometimes be seen as a stylistic flaw, pleonasm is also used deliberately for emphasis or to add clarity.  PLEONASM Examples: “I saw it with my own eyes.” “Free gift.” “ATM machine.”  ZEUGMA Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a single word (often a verb or an adjective) governs or modifies two or more other words, but the word applies differently to each. Zeugma can create a humorous or witty effect by linking unrelated ideas.  ZEUGMA Examples: “She broke his car and his heart.” “He stole my wallet and my sleep.” “I lost my keys and my temper.”  SYNDETON AND ASYNDETON SYNDETON ASYNDETON Addition of multiple Elimination or leaving out conjunctions of conjunctions He eats and drinks and sleeps. He eats, drinks, sleeps.