All of the following are innervated by the phrenic nerve except: A) fibrous pericardium B) epicardium C) Parietal serous D) endocardium E) None of them
Understand the Problem
The question is asking which of the listed structures is not innervated by the phrenic nerve. This implies a need to understand the anatomical roles of the phrenic nerve and its innervation pathway.
Answer
Epicardium and endocardium are not innervated by the phrenic nerve.
The structures innervated by the phrenic nerve include the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium. The epicardium and endocardium are not innervated by the phrenic nerve.
Answer for screen readers
The structures innervated by the phrenic nerve include the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium. The epicardium and endocardium are not innervated by the phrenic nerve.
More Information
The phrenic nerve primarily provides sensory innervation to specific components of the pericardium but not to the heart tissue itself such as the epicardium or endocardium.
Tips
Confusion might arise from not differentiating between serous and fibrous pericardium layers. Remember the epicardium is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and is not innervated by the phrenic nerve.
Sources
- Phrenic Nerve - Physiopedia - physio-pedia.com
- Pericardium: Anatomy of fibrous and serous layers - Kenhub - kenhub.com
- CHAPTER 4: Heart - AccessPharmacy - McGraw Hill Medical - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com
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