1. Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people: shifting cultivators, nomadic and pastoralist communities, firms tra... 1. Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people: shifting cultivators, nomadic and pastoralist communities, firms trading in timber/forest produce, plantation owners, kings/British officials engaged in shikar (hunting). 2. What are the similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java? 3. Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline: railways, shipbuilding, agricultural expansion, commercial farming, tea/coffee plantations, Adivasis and other peasant users. 4. Why are forests affected by wars?
Understand the Problem
The question is asking about historical changes in forest management during the colonial period and its impact on various groups of people. It specifically addresses how different stakeholders like shifting cultivators, traders, and British officials were affected, along with discussing forest management similarities in different regions and the reasons for forest decline in the Indian subcontinent.
Answer
Colonial forest management displaced indigenous communities, expanded plantations and timber trade, and centralized control in Bastar and Java. Railways, shipbuilding, agriculture, and war caused deforestation.
- Shifting cultivators were displaced and their practices banned. Nomadic communities lost grazing lands. Timber firms benefited from increased logging opportunities. Plantation owners expanded operations. British officials gained controlled access for hunting. 2. Both Bastar and Java saw centralized control and exploitation for resources. 3. Railways and shipbuilding increased timber demand. Agricultural expansion and plantations led to deforestation. Adivasis were often displaced. 4. Wars led to forest destruction for resource extraction and tactical advantages.
Answer for screen readers
- Shifting cultivators were displaced and their practices banned. Nomadic communities lost grazing lands. Timber firms benefited from increased logging opportunities. Plantation owners expanded operations. British officials gained controlled access for hunting. 2. Both Bastar and Java saw centralized control and exploitation for resources. 3. Railways and shipbuilding increased timber demand. Agricultural expansion and plantations led to deforestation. Adivasis were often displaced. 4. Wars led to forest destruction for resource extraction and tactical advantages.
More Information
Colonial forest management greatly affected various groups, with negative impacts on indigenous people and environmental degradation due to industrial demands.
Tips
Avoid assuming positive effects from colonial policies on indigenous populations without considering the context of displacement and exploitation.
Sources
- Discuss the impact of colonial forest management - byjus.com
- Impact on forest cover during colonial period - toppr.com
AI-generated content may contain errors. Please verify critical information
