Zoology Lecture 2: Cell Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  • The presence of multiple membranes
  • The ability to perform photosynthesis
  • The presence of a cell wall
  • The presence of a clearly defined nucleus (correct)

    • Which organelle is responsible for generating energy in eukaryotic cells?

  • Mitochondria (correct)
  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • What is the main function of the cell membrane in animal cells?

  • To synthesize proteins
  • To store genetic material
  • To provide structural support
  • To regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the cell (correct)

    • Which of the following is a characteristic unique to plant cells?

    <p>The presence of a cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

    <p>To form a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Have multiple chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To digest and recycle cellular waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Have organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

    <p>Production and assembly of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of centrosomes in the cell?

    <p>Production of microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in the cell?

    <p>Digestion and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of cytoplasm?

    <p>Water, salts, and various organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

    <p>Manufacturing, storing, and transporting particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondria in the cell?

    <p>Releasing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stored in the molecule produced by mitochondria?

    <p>Chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do different cells have different amounts of mitochondria?

    <p>Because they need different amounts of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

    <p>To regulate the transport of molecules into and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the cell membrane due to its ability to regulate the transport of materials?

    <p>Semi-permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are found on the surface of the plasma membrane, allowing for cell-cell interaction?

    <p>Glycoproteins and lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

    <p>To regulate the transport of molecules into and out of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the structure of the nuclear membrane?

    <p>Double-membrane structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>To store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the array of holes in the nuclear membrane?

    <p>Pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus, a sub-organelle found in the nucleus?

    <p>To transcribe RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for translating messenger RNA into a string of amino acids?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the organelle with a high concentration of mitochondria in animal cells?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is composed of a thin, winding network of membranous sacs?

    <p>Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ribosome-studded surface of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for producing the energy required by the brain?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Classification

    • Cells are classified into two main categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic
    • Prokaryotes are single-celled microorganisms, include Bacteria and Archaea, and have a single membrane
    • Eukaryotes have a clearly defined nucleus, nuclear membrane, and organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

    Animal Cell Characteristics

    • Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells
    • They have an irregular shape due to the absence of a cell wall
    • They have only a cell membrane, whereas plant cells have a cell wall and a cell membrane
    • Animal cells do not have chloroplasts, which are found in plant cells

    Cell Organelles

    Cell Membrane

    • A thin, semipermeable membrane layer of lipids and proteins surrounding the cell
    • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer that forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments
    • Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
    • Provides protection and a fixed environment inside the cell
    • Has proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer that carry out specific functions, including selective transport of molecules

    Nucleus

    • Contains DNA and other genetic materials
    • Has a double-membrane structure called the nuclear envelope
    • Has pores that allow for the selective passage of certain molecules into and out of the nucleus
    • Contains a nucleolus that produces and assembles ribosomes

    Centrosome

    • A small organelle found near the nucleus with a thick center and radiating tubules
    • Plays an important role in cell division
    • Produces microtubules

    Lysosome

    • A membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes that help in digestion, excretion, and cell renewal

    Cytoplasm

    • The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
    • Composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules
    • Contains some intracellular organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm

    Golgi Apparatus

    • A flat, smooth, layered sac-like organelle near the nucleus
    • Involved in manufacturing, storing, packing, and transporting particles throughout the cell
    • Processes and sorts proteins received from the ER for transport to their eventual destinations

    Mitochondrion

    • A spherical or rod-shaped organelle with a double membrane
    • The powerhouse of a cell, releasing energy through chemical reactions
    • Generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions
    • Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as a source of energy

    Ribosome

    • An intercellular structure made of RNA and protein
    • The site of protein synthesis in the cell
    • Translates messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a specified string of amino acids that form proteins

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • A cellular organelle composed of a thin, winding network of membranous sacs originating from the nucleus
    • Has two forms: rough ER with ribosomes and smooth ER without ribosomes

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    Description

    Learn about the fundamental unit of life, cell structure, and classification into eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in this zoology lecture for pre-medicine students.

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