Basic Tissues of the Human Body
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

  • Diffusion and filtration
  • Secretion and absorption (correct)
  • Protection against abrasion
  • Transport of materials

    • Which of the following epithelia is classified as stratified?

  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (correct)

    • Which characteristic best describes simple squamous epithelium?

  • Cytoplasm is thick and abundant
  • Cells are tall and narrow
  • Multiple layers of cells
  • Cells have a flat nucleus resembling a bulge (correct)

    • What type of epithelial tissue would you find lining blood vessels?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following epithelia is NOT classified as simple epithelium?

    <p>Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium?

    <p>Protection against mechanical stress and secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are located in the deepest layer of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

    <p>Columnar cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in areas subject to significant friction and abrasion?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes transitional epithelium?

    <p>Ability to stretch and distend (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what location would you find stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

    <p>In the skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is predominantly found in the superficial layer of transitional epithelium?

    <p>Umbrella-shaped cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium consists of multiple layers but is not keratinized?

    <p>Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gland releases a portion of the secreting cell along with the secretion?

    <p>Apocrine gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape characterizes the secretory unit of an acinar gland?

    <p>Rounded or oval (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of the type of secretion, which gland primarily secretes a watery clear fluid?

    <p>Serous gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a unicellular gland?

    <p>Goblet cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland accumulates its secretion within the cell and releases the entire cell as part of its secretion?

    <p>Holocrine gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of glands are the gastric glands classified as based on their secretory unit shape?

    <p>Tubular glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes mixed glands?

    <p>Glands that have both serous and mucous secretory units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is characterized by umbrella shaped cells and is found in the ureter and urinary bladder?

    <p>Transitional epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of secretion is produced by mucous glands?

    <p>Thick, viscous fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands primarily consist of clusters of secreting cells?

    <p>Multicellular glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glandular type releases hormones directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts?

    <p>Endocrine glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial cells primarily provide protection and are found in the conjunctiva?

    <p>Stratified columnar epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of exocrine glands?

    <p>Secretion onto epithelial surfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium consists of two layers of cuboidal cells and is found in ducts of sweat glands?

    <p>Stratified cuboidal epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland classification is defined by having a duct system that discharges secretions onto an epithelial surface?

    <p>Exocrine glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes simple glands from compound glands?

    <p>The number of branches in their duct systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the secretion process of endocrine glands?

    <p>Discharge into intercellular spaces for blood absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is commonly found in the deeper layers of stratified columnar epithelium?

    <p>Cuboidal cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Simple Squamous Epithelium

    A single layer of flat cells resting on a basement membrane. Cells are wider than tall, with a flattened nucleus. Allows for diffusion and filtration.

    Simple cuboidal epithelium

    A single layer of cells with equal height and width, containing a centrally located, round nucleus. Function is secretion and absorption.

    Epithelial classification

    Epithelial tissues are categorized into types ('simple' or 'stratified') based on the number of cell layers.

    Function of Simple Squamous

    Facilitates the passage of materials via diffusion and filtration.

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    Location of Simple Squamous

    Found in areas requiring rapid diffusion or filtration, such as lung alveoli, blood vessels, and Bowman's capsule.

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    Stratified Squamous Epithelium

    Multiple layers of cells, found in areas with high friction, constantly replacing cells; offers protection.

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    Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium

    Type of stratified squamous epithelium; found in the esophagus; protects and secretes, preventing water loss.

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    Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium

    Type of stratified squamous epithelium with keratin in the top layer; found in skin; provides protection and prevents water loss.

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    Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)

    Specialized epithelium that stretches readily, found in urinary organs; allows for distension and protection.

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    Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (Trachea)

    Appears layered but all cells touch the basement membrane; found in the trachea; moves mucus.

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    Goblet Cells

    Cells that produce mucus.

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    Cilia

    Hair-like structures that move materials along the surface of a cell.

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    Transitional Epithelium

    A stratified epithelium that can stretch and change shape, especially in organs of the urinary system like the ureter and urinary bladder.

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    Ureter Epithelium

    The tissue lining the ureter, frequently composed of transitional epithelium.

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    Urinary Bladder Epithelium

    The tissue lining the urinary bladder, predominantly transitional epithelium.

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    Stratified Columnar Epithelium

    Epithelium with multiple layers; the top layer of cells are column shaped, while deeper layers are cuboidal.

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    Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

    Epithelium formed from multiple layers of cuboidal cells.

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    Gland

    A group of specialized cells that produce and release substances like hormones or enzymes.

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    Exocrine Gland

    A gland that secretes substances into ducts that lead to an epithelial surface.

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    Endocrine Gland

    A gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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    Simple Gland

    A gland with an unbranched duct.

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    Tubular gland

    A gland where the secretory unit is shaped like a tube. Example: Gastric glands in the stomach.

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    Acinar gland

    A gland with a rounded or oval secretory unit, called an acinus. Example: Parotid salivary gland, pancreas.

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    Alveolar gland

    A gland with a flask-shaped secretory unit called an alveolus. Example: Mammary gland.

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    Serous gland

    A gland that secretes a watery, clear fluid. Example: Parotid salivary gland.

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    Mucous gland

    A gland that secretes a sticky glycoprotein called mucin, which mixes with water to form mucous. Example: Sublingual salivary gland.

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    Unicellular gland

    A gland composed of a single cell functioning as a gland. Example: Goblet cells in the trachea and intestine.

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    Study Notes

    Basic Tissues of the Human Body

    • Tissues are groups of cells that share similar structures and functions, along with intercellular materials.
    • Four main types of tissues are: epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Consists of one or more layers of closely packed cells.
    • Cells have minimal intercellular spaces.
    • Lines pathways exposed to the external environment, including organs like the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital systems.
    • Also lines serous body cavities (mesothelium), heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels (endothelium).
    • It's found in ducts and secretory elements of glands.

    Characteristics/Features of Epithelial Cells

    • Cellularity: Composed mainly of cells with little intercellular material between them.
    • Polarity: Cells have different electrically charged molecules on their surfaces and sides; it helps them transport molecules selectively, allowing only specific molecules to pass from one side to another. Specific surfaces of cells dictate polarity.
    • Attachment: Cells are attached to underlying basement membranes via hemidesmosomes.
    • Avascularity: They lack blood vessels and are nourished by diffusion from the underlying capillaries.
    • Innervation: They contain nerve endings.
    • High Regeneration Capacity: Epithelial cells frequently are damaged or lost from abrasion, but they are quickly replaced.

    Apical/Luminal/Basal Surfaces

    • Apical Surface: Exposed to the external surface or internal body spaces.
    • Basal Surface: The interface between epithelium and supporting tissues, with a non-cellular basement membrane. This structure supports tissues and regulates the passage of materials between epithelium and underlying supporting tissues.

    Lateral Surfaces

    • Structures like tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions connect these surfaces together. This strong cohesion allows communication between cells of epithelium, and regulates their functioning.

    Functions of Epithelium

    • Protection of underlying tissues from injury and abrasion.
    • Secretion of mucus, hormones, and enzymes from glands
    • Absorption of materials (e.g., in the intestinal tract or kidney tubules).
    • Detecting sensations (e.g., in the olfactory epithelium of the nose and taste buds).

    Classification of Epithelia

    • Divided into simple or stratified based on the number of cell layers.
    • Specific types of cells (simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional) provide the subtypes for simple and stratified epithelia.

    Simple Epithelia

    • Simple squamous epithelium: One layer of flat cells; Found in alveoli of the lungs, capillaries, and Bowman's capsule.

    • Simple cuboidal epithelium: One layer of cube-shaped cells; Found in thyroid follicles, kidney tubules.

    • Simple columnar epithelium: One layer of tall, column-shaped cells; Found in stomach, intestines, uterine tube.

    • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: Appear stratified but are single layers; Contains goblet cells and cilia; Located in the trachea

    Stratified Epithelia

    • Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium: Several cell layers with no keratin; found in the esophagus.
    • Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium: Several layers with keratin; Found in skin (protection from water loss and friction).
    • Stratified cuboidal epithelium: Two or more layers of cube-shaped cells; Found in ducts of sweat glands.
    • Stratified columnar epithelium: Several layers with mostly columnar cells; Found in some ducts.
    • Transitional epithelium: Varies in shape; Found in the urinary bladder and ureters (allows stretching).

    Glands

    • Glands are cells or organs of endothelial origin that selectively remove materials from blood, concentrating or altering them, and secreting them.

    • Two types of glands:

      • Exocrine glands: Secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces through ducts. Subtypes include simple or compound; tubular, acinar, or alveolar.
      • Endocrine glands: Secrete substances (hormones) into the bloodstream; no ducts. They mostly occur as clusters or cords of secretory cells.

    • Types of secretion methods for exocrine glands:

    • Holocrine: The whole cell is secreted (e.g., sebaceous glands).

    • Apocrine: Portion of the cell is secreted (e.g., mammary glands).

    • Merocrine: The cell releases the secretion without damage (e.g., salivary glands).

    • Classification schemes for glands:

    • Based on branching of ducts

    • Based on the secretory unit shape (tubular, acinar, alveolar)

    • Based on the type of secretion (serous, mucous, mixed)

    • Based on the number of cells involved (unicellular or multicellular)

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