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Questions and Answers
What aspect of culture can significantly affect individuals' perceptions of their body image?
Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to negative body image?
Which term describes the feeling of unhappiness with one's body size or shape?
Social comparison, as it relates to body image, primarily involves which of the following?
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Which key value can influence an individual's body image perception according to cultural standards?
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What is the primary motive that Carl Rogers believes drives a person towards growth?
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What does the concept of 'congruence' refer to in Rogers' theory?
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Which of the following best describes the 'real self' according to Rogers?
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What contributes to a person's resilience according to the content?
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Self-actualization involves which of the following processes?
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Genetics contribute to which aspect of an individual's development?
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What is considered essential for a person to achieve self-actualization according to Rogers?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of authenticity?
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What is self-disclosure primarily used for in relationships?
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According to Carl Rogers, what happens when your real self aligns with your ideal self?
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Which of the following best describes the individualist self in Western cultures?
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In contrast to individualism, what does collectivism emphasize?
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What aspects are included in self-care practices?
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Which statement about upbringing is true?
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What are key values associated with individualistic cultures?
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How do cultural expectations influence the ideal self?
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What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) primarily characterized by?
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The Diderot Effect describes what phenomenon related to consumer behavior?
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Which of the following is NOT a suggested way to promote a positive body image?
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What does the term 'spiritual self' refer to?
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Avoidance behaviors in the context of body image mostly involve what?
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What best describes the material or economic self?
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Why is practicing mindful eating beneficial?
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Which of the following is a core component of religion?
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What do Filipinos believe about the nature of the soul?
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In Hinduism, what is considered crucial for achieving spiritual growth?
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What is a primary goal of Buddhism's perspective on the self?
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Which of the following is a significant part of a Muslim's identity according to Islam's view on self?
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What is the concept of Anatta in Buddhism?
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What does the term 'moksha' refer to in Hinduism?
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How do individuals achieve spiritual purity in Islam?
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In early Ilokano beliefs, what role do the multiple souls play?
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Study Notes
The Cognitive Construction of Self
- Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, believed individuals need an environment that enables growth.
- He proposed that the basic motive for humans is self-actualization, which involves reaching one's highest potential and achieving a level of humanness.
- Rogers believed that achieving self-actualization requires congruence, a state of balance and harmony between one's real self and ideal self.
- Real self refers to one's authentic identity, shaped by upbringing, environment, genetics, and life experiences. It's grounded in reality, reflecting tangible aspects of personality and interactions with the world.
- Ideal self refers to who a person wants to become, often influenced by societal norms, cultural expectations, personal goals, role models, and aspirations.
- According to Carl Rogers, when an individual's real self matches their ideal self, they experience a sense of well-being, act honestly and sincerely, connect better with others, and have less internal conflict.
Authenticity
- Authenticity is about being genuine, true to one's real self, values, and beliefs.
- It involves acting in ways that are consistent with one's true identity, with openness and self-disclosure.
Congruence
- This is the state of alignment or harmony between an individual's real self and ideal self.
- It involves consistency between one's self-perception and experiences.
Genetics
- Genetics refer to the hereditary characteristics passed from parents to offspring.
- These characteristics contribute to an individual's physical and, to a certain extent, psychological traits.
Resilience
- Resilience is the ability to recover quickly from difficulties and maintain mental and emotional strength.
- It's enhanced by a harmonious balance between the real self and the ideal self.
Self-Actualization
- This is the process of realizing and fulfilling one's potential, talents, and abilities.
- It involves striving to become the best version of oneself and achieving personal growth and meaningful goals.
Self-Disclosure
- This involves revealing personal information, thoughts, and feelings to others.
- It's a key component in building trust and intimacy in relationships.
Upbringing
- Upbringing refers to the treatment and instruction received by a child from their parents during childhood.
- This has a significant impact on their real self.
Individualistic Self (Western Thought)
- Emphasizes the needs and desires of the individual over the group.
- Values personal goals, achievements, and independence.
- Key values include independence, self-reliance, personal freedom, and expressing one's own identity.
Collectivist Self (Eastern Thought)
- Emphasizes the importance of the group over the individual.
- Values family, community, and social harmony.
- Key values include interconnectedness, group harmony, loyalty to family, and fulfilling social obligations.
The Physical Self: The Impact of Culture on Body Image
- Physical self refers to one's body and what makes it unique.
- Body image is an individual's perception, thoughts, and feelings about their physical appearance, including attitudes, beliefs, and emotions.
Genes
- They contribute to an individual's physical traits, such as eye color, hair color, height, and bone structure.
- They can influence physical abilities and the development of physical disabilities.
Self-Care
- This includes activities and practices that individuals engage in to maintain and improve their physical well-being.
- It encompasses diet, exercise, sleep, stress management, hygiene, preventive healthcare, and mental health care.
Culture
- Different cultures have varying norms and ideals regarding body size, shape, and beauty.
- These cultural standards can influence individuals' perceptions of their own bodies and what is considered acceptable or desirable.
Media
- Media plays a significant role in impacting body image by promoting unrealistic beauty standards.
Family and Friends
- The people closest to us, including family and friends, can significantly impact our body image through their comments and attitudes.
Negative Effects of Culture and Society on Body Image
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Body Dissatisfaction: Feeling unhappy or displeased with one's body size, shape, or appearance.
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Social Comparison: Comparing one's body to others and feeling inadequate as a result.
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Eating Disorders: Extreme behaviors related to food intake and weight control, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): A mental health disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts about perceived flaws or defects in one's appearance.
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Avoidance Behaviors: Avoiding social situations, activities, or clothing that may highlight perceived flaws or trigger negative body image thoughts.
Ways to Have a Positive Body Image
- Practice self-compassion.
- Surround yourself with positive influences.
- Focus on health, not just appearance.
- Practice mindful eating.
- Engage in self-care.
- Seek support.
Understanding the Self
Material or Economic Self
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Refers to the extension of our physical self through possessions.
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It's the idea that what we own can be an external representation of who we are.
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Material possessions, such as clothing, accessories, gadgets, and vehicles, are physical objects we interact with daily.
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In many societies, the type and quality of material possessions can be social indicators of status, wealth, and success.
The Spiritual Self: The Inner Soul
- This is the part of us that is our inner essence or soul, beyond the physical body.
- It involves deep reflection on life's big questions and living according to our core values.
- It's about caring for ourselves, others, and the world.
- Showing kindness and compassion are key aspects.
Religion
- A set of beliefs, practices, and rituals followed by a group of people.
- It often involves faith in a higher power, such as God or gods.
- Religions have organized structures, such as churches, temples, or mosques, for followers to gather.
- They shape cultures, traditions, and how people see themselves.
Religious Views on Self
- Different religions offer unique insights into human existence, spiritual growth, and the search for meaning.
The Soul in Filipino Tradition
- Filipinos believe in multiple souls that animate the body.
Hinduism's View on Self
- The self (Atman) is eternal and identical to Brahman (the ultimate reality).
- Individuals experience karma through reincarnation and seek liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death.
- The self is seen as separate from the body and mind, representing divine consciousness.
- Self-realization is key to spiritual growth.
Buddhism's View on Self
- The self is impermanent and lacks inherent existence (Anatta).
- The goal is to see through the illusion of self and achieve enlightenment (nirvana), understanding that all things are interconnected.
Islam's View on Self
- The self (nafs) is created by Allah with free will and moral responsibility.
- The goal is to submit to Allah's will and attain spiritual purity.
- Muslim identity is shaped by following the Five Pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage.
- Purifying the self through these practices leads to inner peace and divine favor.
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Description
Explore the concepts presented by Carl Rogers regarding self-actualization and the balance between the real self and ideal self. Understand the importance of an environment that fosters personal growth and the implications of achieving congruence in one's life. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of humanistic psychology principles.