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• Analyzing rhyme scheme provides insights into poetry
• Rhyme schemes subdivide poems, with end-rhymes linking verse lines
• New rhymes often indicate a new unit of meaning
• Rhymes connect rhyming words through phonological repetition, often heightening contrasts
• Intratextual parallels created by rhymes enhance the text's coherence

Sound Patterns

• Poems use internal sound patterns to enhance phonological complexity, and create internal links
• Internal links form through end-rhyme and repetition of sounds or phonemes

Alliteration

• Alliteration involves successive words with the same initial sound or accented syllables with the same consonant or consonantal group

Consonance

• Consonance is the congruence of consonants short of alliteration
• It is a repetition of two or more consonants with a change in the intervening vowel

Assonance

• Assonance is congruence between vowel sounds

Onomatopoeia

• Onomatopoeia uses words to imitate sounds

Functions of Sound Patterns

• Rhyme and sound patterns fulfill structuring, content-enhancing (mimetic/evocative), and aesthetic functions in poems
• Analysis focuses on the contribution to the poem's potential meaning

Rhetorical Figures

• Rhetorical figures contribute to form and effects in poems, as well as dramatic, narrative, and non-fictional texts
• Analysis employs terms dating back to Antiquity
• Categories can be based on the dimension of language

Morphological Figures

• Phonological figures operate on the level of sounds, and morphological figures work on the level of words and word formation

Syntactic Figures

• Syntactic figures are employed on the sentence structure level (syntax)

Semantic Figures

• Semantic figures concern the meanings of words or expressions

Pragmatic Figures

• Pragmatic figures involve language use

Coherence

• Rhetorical figures contribute to a poem's coherence, like speech, metric, stanzaic structure, and sound patterns
• Poems rely on coherence due to their limited characters or plot

Word Repetition

• Repetitions and recurrences occur on phonological and linguistic levels
• The repetition of morphemes, words, groups of words, sentence components, and sentences are described as morphological figures

Figures Involving Repetition

Exact Word Repetition

• Exact word repetition is one type of figure involving repetition

Anaphora

• Anaphora involves repeating a word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses or lines

Epiphora

• Epiphora repeats a word or group of words at the end of successive clauses or lines

Epanalepsis

• Epanalepsis repeats words in close succession or after intervening words.

Anadiplosis

• Anadiplosis repeats the end of a preceding clause/line at the beginning of the next

Repetition Involving Variation of Repeated Elements

Polyptoton

• Polyptoton repeats a word in different inflected forms

Figura Etymologica

• Figura etymologica repeats a root in different forms

Synonymy

• Synonymy features repetition by replacing one word with another of the same meaning

Deviation of Poetic Syntax

• Syntactic figures relate to sentence structure

Parallelism

• Parallelism uses successive parallel clauses or sentence structures

Chiasmus

• Chiasmus reverses structures in successive clauses

Connection of Sentences and Sentence Components

Asyndeton

• Asyndeton uses a succession of words or phrases without conjoining words

Polysyndeton

• Polysyndeton uses a succession of words or phrases linked by conjoining words

Deviation from Normal Word Order

Inversion

• Inversion reverses normal word order

Hysteron Proteron

• Hysteron proteron reverses the logical succession of events

Figures Involving Omission

Ellipsis

• Ellipsis omits sentence components

Aposiopesis

• Aposiopesis abruptly ceases before the end of an utterance

Zeugma

• Zeugma applies one verb to multiple objects in different senses

Functions of Morphological and Syntactic Figures

• Analyzing the functions of repetitions and figures involving words and sentences is more crucial than just classifying them
• Syntactic structures can take on a semantic function via interacting with a poem's content
• Relations of correspondence and opposition can be established
• Grammatical figures may lend formal emphasis or create tension

Imagery as a Figurative Mode of Expression

• Imagery relies on metaphors and other linguistic images (or rhetorical tropes)
• Imagery subsumes figures like metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and synesthesia, and are conveyed through words in literature and visual images in film

Structure of Metaphor

• Metaphor uses 'word pictures' to convey meaning indirectly through replacement or paraphrasing

Terms Used in the Analysis of Metaphor

• Metaphor removes a word from its original semantic field and projects it onto another
• The original field is the 'source domain'/'donor field', and the actual referent is the 'tenor' in the 'target domain'/'recipient field'
• Vehicle ('the metaphorical term') and tenor (''actual referent) are linked by some similarity

Transfer of Characteristics

• Metaphor involves transferring characteristics, projecting the vehicle's 'salient features' onto the tenor
• 'Substitution theory' says the tenor is restructured by the metaphor

Semantic Fields and Image Fields

• The expression ‘semantic field' can be used to describe the way in which metaphors are organised into overarching structures, and the specific relationship that connects the different elements of an image