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Roots - General Purpose

• arthr/o means joint; example: arthritis
• cardi/o means heart; example: cardiology
• enter/o means small intestine; example: dysentery
• gastr/o means stomach; example: gastritis
• hepat/o means liver; example: hepatitis
• neur/o means nerve; example: neurology
• hem/o and hemat/o mean blood; example: hemorrhage, hematoma
• my/o and muscul/o mean muscle; examples: myalgia, muscular
• angi/o means vessel; example: angioplasty
• vas/o and vascul/o mean vessel; examples: vasectomy, vasculitis
• derm/o, dermat/o and cutane/o mean skin; examples: dermis, dermatology, subcutaneous
• pneum/o, pneumon/o and pulmon/o mean lung; examples: pneumotomy, pneumonia, pulmonology
• gen/o means creation/cause; example: pathogenic
• hydr/o means water; example: dehydration
• morph/o means change; example: morphology
• myc/o eans fungus; example: dermatomycosis
• necr/o means death; example: necrosis
• orth/o means straight; example: orthodontist
• path/o means suffering/disease; example: pathology
• phag/o means eat; example: aphagia.
• plas/o means formation; example: hyperplasia
• scler/o means hard; example: Scleroderma
• sten/o means narrowing; example: stenosis
• pyo means pus; example: pyemia
• troph/o means nourishment/development; example: hypertrophy
• xen/o means foreign; example: xenograft

Suffixes - Adjective (Simple)

• ac (ak), -al (al), -ar (ar), -ary (ar-ee), -eal (ee-al) all mean pertaining to; cardiac, skeletal, muscular, pulmonary, esophageal
• ic (ik) and -tic (tik) mean pertaining to; medic, neurotic
• ous (us) means pertaining to; subcutaneous

Suffixes - Noun (Simple)

• ia (ee-an) means condition; example: pneumonia
• ism (ih-zum) means condition; example: autism
• ium (ee-um) means tissue/structure; example: pericardium
• y (ee) means condition/procedure; example: hypertrophy
• icle (ik-el) means small; example: ventricle
• ole (ohl) means small; example: arteriole
• ule (yool) means small; example: pustule
• ula (yool-a) means small; example: uvula

Suffixes - Professionals

• iatrics (ee-AH-triks) means medical science; example: pediatrics
• iatry (Ai-an-tree) means specialist in; example: psychiatry
• iatrist (ee-An-trist) means specialized in; example: psychiatrist
• ist (ist) means specialist; example: dentist.
• logist (lon-jist) is a specialist in the study of; example: psychologist
• logy (lon-jee) means study of; example: psychology

Suffixes - Symptoms, Diseases, Conditions

• algia (al-jah) and -dynia (dineeah) mean pain; examples: myalgia, gastrodynia
• cele (seel) means hernia; example: hydrocele
• emia (eem-ee-ah) means blood condition; example: leukemia.
• iasis (Ai-ah-sis) means presence of; lithiasis
• itis (Ai-tis) mean inflammation; example: arthritis
• lysis (Lai-sis) means loosen, break down; example: hemolysis
• malacia means abnormal softening; example: osteomalacia
• megaly (meg-ah-lee) means enlargement; example: hepatomegaly
• oid (oyd) means resembling; example: keloid
• oma (Oh-ma) means tumor; example: melanoma
• osis (Oh-sis) means condition; example: thrombosis
• pathy (pah-thee) means disease; example: myopathy
• penia (pee-nee-ah) means deficiency; example: leukopenia
• ptosis (toh-sis) means drooping; example: nephroptosis
• rrhage (Raj) means excessive flow; example: hemorrhage
• rrhagia (Ray-jee-ah) means excessive flow; example: menorrhagia
• rrhea (Ree-ah) means flow; example: diarrhea
• rrhexis (Rek-sis) means rupture; example: metrorrhexis
• spasm (spazm) means involuntary contraction; example: myospasm
• centesis (Sin-tee-sis) means puncture; example: amniocentesis

Suffixes - Tests and Treatments

• gram (gram) means written record; example: cardiogram
• graph mean instrument used to produce a record; example: cardiograph
• graphy means writing procedure; example: cardiography
• meter means instrument to measure; example: cephalometer
• metry means process of measuring; example: cephalometry
• scope means instrument to look at the outside; example: arthroscope
• scopy means process of looking; example: colonoscopy
• desis means binding, fixation; example: arthrodesis
• ectomy means removal; example: vasectomy
• pexy means surgical fixation; example: retinopexy
• plasty means reconstruction; example: rhinoplasty
• rrhaphy means suture; example: herniorrhaphy
• stomy means creation of an opening; example: colostomy
• tomy means incision; example: dermatotomy

Prefixes - Negation

• a- (ay) and an- (an) mean not; examples: aphasia, anemia

Prefixes - Time/Speed

• anti- (an-ti) and contra both mean against; examples: antibiotics, contraceptive
• de- (dee) means down, away from; example: dehydration
• ant- (an-tee) means before; example: antepartum
• pro- means before, on behalf of; example: probiotic
• brady- (brah-di or bray) means slow; example: bradycardia
• tachy- & post- mean fast and after, respectively; examples: tachycardia, postpartum
• re- (ree) means again; example: rehab

Prefixes - Direction/Position

• ab- means away; example: adduct
• ad- means toward; example: adrenaline
• circum- means around; example: circumcise
• peri- means around; example: pericardium
• dia- means through; example: diagnose
• trans- means through; example: translate
• e- (en) means out; example: evoke
• ex- and ec- (ek) mean out; examples: exhale, ectopic
• ecto- and exo- mean outside; examples: ectoderm, exoskeleton
• en- and endo- mean in, inside; examples: enema, endocrine
• intra- means within; example: intravenous
• epi- means upon; example: epididymis
• sub- means beneath; example: subcutaneous
• Inter-means between; example: intercostal

Prefixes - Quantity

• bi- means two; example: bilateral
• hemi- (hem-ee) and semi- (seh-mee) both mean half; examples: hemisphere, semilunar
• hyper- (hai-per) means over; example: hyperthermia
• hypo- means under; example: hypotensive
• macro- means large; example: macrotia
• micro- means small; example: microdontia
• mono- means one; example: monocyte
• uni- (yoo-nih) means one; example: unisex
• oligo- (aw-lih-gon) means few; example: oligomenorrhea
• pan- means all; example: pancytopenia
• poly- and multi- (mul-tee) mean many; examples: polygraph, multicellular

Prefixes - Other

• con-(kon), syn- and sym-mean good; examples: congestion, syndrome, symmetry
• dys- means bad; example: dysentery
• eu- means good; example: euphoria

Integumentary System Roots

• cutane/o, derm/i/o, dermat/o all mean skin
• adip/o and lip/o and steat/o all mean fat
• squam/o means scale
• pil/o and trich/o both mean hair
• hidr/o sweat
• seb/o oil
• crypt/o means hidden
• onych/o and ungu/o both mean nail
• kerat/o hard/horny
• xanth/o yellow
• xer/o dry
• erythr/o red
• leuk/o white
• melan/o black

Musculoskeletal System Roots

• oste/o means bone
• crani/o means head or skull
• brachi/o means arm
• dactyl/o means finger
• cervic/o means neck
• tibi/o means tibia (shin)
• chondr/o means cartilage
• burs/o means bursa (fluid sac)
• lord/o means bent backward
• sarc/o means muscle
• ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o all mean tendon or connective tissue
• carp/o means wrist
• cost/o means rib.
• spondyl/o means vertebrae
• lumb/o means back
• femor/o means femur
• tars/o means ankle
• arthro joint
• kyph/o means bent or hump
• scoli/o crooked
• muscul/o and my/o mean muscle
• fasci/o means fascia, fibrous tissue binding muscles
• ton/o means tone or tension
• tens/o means to stretch out
• kinesi/o and kinet/o mean movement or motion
• tax/o means arrangement, order, coordination
• ankyl/o means stiff, bent

Musculoskeletal System Suffixes

• physis means growth
• trophy means nourishment
• graphy means writing procedure
• algia means pain
• desis means condition
• spasm means involuntary contraction
• scopy means procedure to look
• asthenia means weakness
• scope instrument to look
• al pertaining to
• itis means inflammation
• malacia softening
• ptosis drooping condition
• lith stone
• ing causing
• trophy nourishment
• penia deficiency
• oid resembling
• sic agent
• ation procedure
• tic agent
• tions
• clasia breaking

Common Prefixes

• meta – after
• brady – slow
• hypo – under
• hyper – over
• poly - many
• electro- electricity
• ex – out
• hem – blood
• syn - together
• dys- bad, inabied
• hydr- water
• ef- out