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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Fibers

• Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are cooperative in the eyes

Vital Centers in Medulla Oblongata

• All the following vital centers are in the medulla oblongata: cardiac control center, vasomotor center and respiratory center, except the reticular activating system center

Electrical Synapses

• Electrical synapses require the presence of gap junctions

Specialized Cells of PNS

• The specialized cells of the PNS that are surrounded by a basement membrane can form a regeneration tube for a severed peripheral axon to regrow are Schwann cells

Medulla Oblongata Structures

• The medulla oblongata contains the cardioregulatory center, the swallowing reflex center, the reflex center for vomiting, and reflex centers for sneezing and coughing

Motor Unit

• A motor unit is one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers to which it leads

ADH and Oxytocin Synthesis

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are synthesized by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, located in the hypothalamus

Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

• The hippocampus consolidates short-term memory into long-term memory

Synapses in Knee-Jerk Reflex

• A single reflex arc involved in the knee-jerk reflex activates one synapse within the spinal cord

Pyramids

• The pyramids are found in the medulla oblongata

CNS Sensory Input Filter

• The thalamus filters sensory input, allowing only ~1% of sensory information to reach the cerebrum

Short-Term Memory Conversion

• The left medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and the amygdaloid nucleus, helps convert short-term memories into long-term memory

Catecholamine Neurotransmitter Release

• Postganglionic sympathetic fibers release a catecholamine as a neurotransmitter

Medulla Oblongata Pyramids

• The pyramids of the medulla oblongata are the sites of decussation of nerve tracts

Nervous System Monitoring

• The nervous system uses muscle spindles to monitor the amount of tension being exerted on a given tendon

Right Hemisphere

• In most people, the right hemisphere controls movement of the left side of the body primarily

Medulla Oblongata Statement

• The medulla oblongata contains ascending and descending fiber tracts, the vasomotor center and nuclei for some cranial nerves, but does not contain the apneustic center

Parasympathetic Neurons

• Parasympathetic neurons synapse in terminal ganglia, either next to or within the organs innervated

Action Potential Conduction

• Conduction of action potentials in a myelinated nerve fiber includes saltatory conduction, is faster than in an unmyelinated fiber, and occurs without decrement

Ridges on Cerebrum

• The ridges on the surface of the cerebrum are gyri

Lactate Production and Energy

• Astrocytes produce and release lactate to provide energy to neurons

Sensory Fibers

• The cell bodies of sensory fibers from the neck down are found in the dorsal root ganglion

Ear Impulses

• Impulses from the cochlea of the ear are transmitted to the temporal lobe

ADH and Oxytocin

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are synthesized by supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, located in the hypothalamus

Pons

• The pons includes the pneumotaxic center, nuclei from which some cranial nerves originate, and nerve fibers transmitting information to the cerebellum but NOT the cardiac control center

Parasympathetic Ganglia

• Parasympathetic ganglia are located next to or within the organs they innervate

Sensations from the Skin

• Sensations from the skin are received by the postcentral gyrus in the brain

Spinal Cord Origin and Termination

• The spinal cord originates at the medulla oblongata and terminates at the first lumbar vertebra

Pyramidal Tract Nerve Fibers

• Most nerve fibers of the pyramidal tracts of the spinal cord originate in the precentral gyrus

Sympathetic Nervous System

• The adrenal medulla is innervated by only neurons from the sympathetic nervous system

Cholinergic Receptors

• Nicotinic and muscarinic are the two subtypes of cholinergic receptors

Alcohol and Balance

• Alcohol depresses the activity of neurons associated with the maintenance of balance, located in the cerebellum

Sensory Input Filtering

• All sensory input into the brain is filtered, except sensory input from smell chemoreceptors

Voluntary Movement

• The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movement and balance

Brain Structure

• The cerebrum is the brain structure responsible for conscious thought, intellect, memory storage, processing, movement of skeletal muscles, and sensation

Atropine and Parasympathetic Effects

• Atropine, blocking parasympathetic nerve effects, would cause decreased movements of the digestive tract, increased heart rate, and dilation of pupils

Autonomic Nervous System Control

• The hypothalamus region most directly controls the activity of the autonomic nervous system

Limbic System Memory Link

• The hippocampus is a structure in the limbic system linked to memory

Nerve and Muscle Junction

• The junction between a nerve and a muscle is called the neuromuscular junction

Brainstem Component

• The brainstem contains the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain, but NOT the cerebellum

Visceral Organ Denervation

• A denervated visceral organ becomes hypersensitive to subsequent stimulation

Parasympathetic Ganglia Location

• Parasympathetic ganglia are located next to or within the innervated organs

Preganglionic Sympathetic Fibers

• Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Alpha-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation

• Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors results in the constriction of blood vessels

Norepinephrine Release

• Postganglionic sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine in the heart

Propranolol Effects

• Propranolol is a beta blocker, which would slow the heart rate

Atropine Effects

• Atropine blocks parasympathetic nerve effects, causing dilation of the pupils, decreased mucous secretion, decreased movements of the digestive tract, and increased heart rate

Autonomic Reflex Control

• The medulla oblongata is the brain area most directly involved in the reflex control of the autonomic system

Cholinergic Receptor Subtypes

• Nicotinic and muscarinic are the two subtypes of cholinergic receptors:

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Control

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter that keeps emotion and behavior under control

Emotion Regulation

• The limbic system plays a major role in the regulation and control of emotions

Muscular Activity Coordination

• The cerebellum is primarily concerned with the coordination and regulation of muscular activity

Body Movement

• The cerebellum coordinates body movements and posture and helps maintain body equilibrium

Basal Ganglia

• The basal ganglia help regulate skeletal muscle activity

Basal Ganglia and Neurons

• Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia leads to Parkinson's disease

Axons to the Brain

• The spinal cord is a collection of nerve axons that travel to and from the brain

Medulla Oblongata Location

• The medulla oblongata lies just above the spinal cord

Efferent Neurons

• The axons of efferent neurons transmit nerve impulses carrying information associated with all aspects except pain

Pituitary Gland

• The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

Central Nervous System

• The two main components of the central nervous system are the brain and spinal cord

Cerebral Cortex Nerve Impulses

• The cerebral cortex perceives all sensory sensations and initiates all voluntary muscle movements, while the basal ganglia coordinate and regulate muscular activity

Afferent Neuron

• Nerve impulse for directing organ activity is NOT a type of nerve impulse carried by the axons of afferent neurons

Pons Function

• The pons is a relay station for nerve fibers traveling to other brain areas

Diencephalon

• The diencephalon includes the thalamus

CNS Activity

• The CNS coordinates and controls the activity of other body systems

Master Gland

• The pituitary gland is the master gland of the body

Pituitary Gland Location

• The pituitary gland is closely associated with the hypothalamus

Vital Centers

• The medulla oblongata contains all the vital centers except the thermoregulatory center

Limbic System Treatment

• A medication for a gambling addiction needs to affect the limbic system

Activation

• The medulla oblongata activates when a person is choking on a piece of steak

Membrane Potential

• Depolarization is a reduction in membrane potential

Oligodendrocyte

• Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the CNS

Action Potential

• Sodium channels open during the rising phase of an action potential:

Neurotransmitter

• Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft is triggered by an influx of calcium in response to the arrival of an action potential in the axon terminal

Basal Nuclei

• The basal nuclei is the only structure in the central nervous system among the specified choices

Neuron Bodies

• Unipolar neurons are the only type whose cell bodies always lie outside the CNS

Ventricle Lining

• Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord:

Nerve

• A nerve is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons

Separation Structures

• A cut between the midbrain and diencephalon separates the brainstem from the forebrain

Pyramids

• The pyramids are descending nerve tracts involved in the conscious control of skeletal muscle

Corpora Quadrigemina

• The corpora quadrigemina are found in the midbrain

Superior Colliculi

• The inferior colliculi are involved with visual reflexes, hearing and auditory reflexes

Descending Tracts

• In the midbrain, descending tracts going from the cerebrum to the spinal cord are called the cerebral peduncles

Intermediate Mass

• The intermediate mass is contained in the thalamus

Pineal

• The pineal body is found in the epithalamus

Cerebrum

• The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure

Frontal Lobe

• The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe contains the primary cortex

Parietal

• The parietal lobe of the cerebrum is the major enter for the reception and evaluation of sensory information, except for smell, hearing, and vision

Fluid Passing Process

• Cerebrospinal fluid passes into the blood by way of the arachnoid granulations

Cerebrofluid

• All listed spaces contains cerebrospinal fluid

Craniel Nerves Damage

• A drooping upper eyelid could indicate damage to cranial nerve III (Oculomotor)

Parasymathetic Fiber Carriers

• Cranial nerve X (Vagus) carriers parasympathetic fibers to the thoracic and abdominal organs

Tissue Covering

• The fibrous connective tissue sheath which encloses a whole muscle is called the epimysium

Contraction

• The contraction strength of a whole muscle varies in accordance with the number of motor units activated

Muscle Contraction

• Contraction in a muscle occurs because the filaments slide between the thick filaments

Thick Filament Composition

• The thick filaments of muscle are made up of myosin

ATP Hydrolyzis

• The ability to hydrolyze ATP during muscle contraction is due to the fact that myosin contains an ATPase

Myosin

• The ability of myosin to interact with acting is regulated by the binding of Ca2+ troponin

Thin Filaments

• Consist of all components except myosin

Contraction

• When a muscle lengthens as it contracts, eccentric contraction is occurring

Storage Location

• Troponin, to activate muscles comes from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Muscle Contraction

• Excitation-Contraction coupling released to a calcium release and binding to troponin molecules

Terminal Cisternae

• Terminal cisternae the sarcoplasmic reticulum release Ca2+ when signalled by the T tubules

Calcium

• In skeletal muscle contraction with Ca2+ must bind to troponin for contractions to cause muscle to relax

Nuerons

• Lower motor neurons have their cell bodies located as a spinal cord as supposed to the brain

Muscle Fibers

• Slow twitch muscle fibers are resistant to fatigue

Smooth Muscle Fibers

• Calcium required for sustained contration of smooth muscle fibers comes mainly from the extracellular fluid surrounding the fibers

Anti Myosin Functions

• Myosin light is antagonized by actions of myosin phosphotase

Motor Neurons and Mypofibers

• A motor neuron and its associated myofibers is called a motor unit

Tendons

• Skeletal muscle is connected to bones by tendons

Acetylcholine

• Neurotransmitters released at the motor and plate is Acetylcholine

Gyrus

• The precentral gyrus is involved in motor control and it is located in the frontal

Hemesphere

• The right hemisphere controls movement of the left side of the body primarily

Thalamus

• Acts as a relay center for somatesthetic sensation

Cortex

• Consolidation of declarative memory requires the mid temporal lobe, prefronal cortex

Reticular Systems

• The reticular activating system is described correctly by all stated

Limbic System

• In the control of emotion and motivation, the limbic system works with the

Hormones

_ The hormone primarily resposible for setting the basic metalbolic rate and for promoting the maturation of brain is

Campan

• Hormones use CAMP as a second messenger

Insulin Interactions

• The terms best describing the intereactions of insulin and glycogen is Antagonist

Role of Inostito

• correctly describes the role of inositol triphosphate in hormone action? released of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum

Melatonin

• The hormones may have a primary role in many circadian rhythms Melanatonin

Innervation

• Which of these muscles have motor units with the highest innervation ratio? Muscles move the fingers

Stimulation

• The stimulation of gamma motoneurons produce in the stimulation of gamma metaneurons

Electrical Excitation

• Most directly caused in electrical excitation of a muscle fibers C. Release of CA ++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Muscle Contraction

• 126. The energy for muscle contraction is most directly obtained from ATP
• When a muscle is stimulated to contract, Ca2+ binds to troponin

Muscle Types

• Cardiac muscle is striated and contains gap junctions

Smooth Muscle

• Myosin phosphorate is required for constractions

Nucleus

• Red Nucleolus is not a nucleus within the hypothalamus

Brain

• The following aare not found in the brain cerebal nuclei

Limbic

• Structures involved by Goal directed behaviors

Lobes of the Cerbrum

• Everything is connected to except

Left Cerebral Hemsiphereies

• Corpus collosum is found to be together

Gray Matter

• Porition a Cortex

Ventrcles

• Called ventricles

Ectoderm

• Layer of the embryyo gives rises is to

Refriactory

• Period is

Depolarization

Inward Diffusion

Inward ifussion Na + is found

Absolute Refariotry

• Inactivation

Potential Gates

• Gates in the action

Systems

• Aid from synapse found by

Action

• Is mimiature potential

Following Is Lyelintaion

• action potentials

Contrcation Length

• I band of Saromere

Electrial

• Release ca ++ frin sacromplasic
• Psuediounipdar
• Sensery

Postsyanpsic

• Exictaoty post yanptics

Statements about the Acrion

• intensity of action and

Slowest Action Velocity

• C Fibers
• all ecenta all

Sarcromere

• Is the spimal cord as oppodased to

Spinal Cord

• As oppsed spinal cord to upper brain cerebal motor cells.

Distanse

• Calicuim to Alponin

Neurons

• Slow twitch

Muscle

• A drop in ph

Fibers

• Not all of the options apply

• Contratuion to Myosun

InfrasfrusalFibr

• Isomitric

Acytocholine

Inacrivates the neuro tran

Most people

• Lefs side of the body

Tranlation

• Thalamus

Merory

• Medial Tempol

Reticuliur Activatinf

Is desrcived all

Limbluc

• Hypothalamus

Metalbilc Hormone

• Throryxine 119
• epinephore

Inreractions