Programming Concepts (General and JS based)

Which of the following is an example of a literal?

An ______ literal is used to directly create an object by writing its key–value pairs inside curly braces.

A literal is a hardcoded value written directly into the source code.

A constructor is a special function used to initialize new objects.

In many object-oriented languages, the keyword ______ is used within a constructor to refer to the current object instance.

Which statement best describes a constructor?

An immutable value cannot be altered once it is created.

In an immutable data structure, any operation that appears to change it will instead return a ______ version of the structure.

Which of the following is typically immutable?

A mutable object can be modified after its creation.

When an object is ______, its state can be changed without creating a new instance.

Which example best illustrates mutability?

Declaration is the process of introducing a variable name into a program’s scope.

Declaring a variable means creating an identifier without necessarily assigning it an ______.

Which of the following best describes a declaration?

Initialization always occurs at the same time as declaration.

Initialization is the process of ______ a variable with its first value.

Which code snippet shows both declaration and initialization?

Reassignment is the act of giving an already declared variable a new value.

After a variable is initialized, changing its value is known as ______.

What does the following code demonstrate?

let count = 5; count = 10;

Variables are storage locations identified by a name that holds data values.

Variables declared with ______ in some languages are block-scoped.

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of variables?

Hoisting refers to the process where both variable declarations and initializations are moved to the top of their scope.

In JavaScript, only the ______ of a variable declared with var is hoisted.

What is hoisting in JavaScript?

Scope determines where variables and functions are accessible in a program.

Variables declared inside a function are in the ______ scope of that function.

Which of the following best describes block scope?

The Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ) refers to the time between entering a scope and when a let/const variable is declared.

Accessing a variable in its TDZ will result in a ______ error.

Which declaration is affected by the TDZ?

Objects are collections of key–value pairs used to represent structured data.

In an object literal, keys are paired with values using a ______.

Which statement about objects is false?

In many languages, assigning an object to a variable stores a reference to that object rather than a copy of it.

When two variables reference the same object, changes via one variable will be visible through the ______ variable.

Which of the following best explains references?

Mutation means modifying the state or data within an object.

An operation that changes an object in place is called ______.

Which scenario is an example of mutation?

Type coercion is the implicit conversion of values from one data type to another.

When a language performs ______ coercion, it automatically converts one data type into another without explicit instructions.

Which of the following is an example of type coercion in JavaScript?

Type conversion always refers to explicit conversion by the programmer.

Converting a value from one type to another using a function like Number() is an example of ______ conversion.

Which method is used for type conversion in many languages?

Explicit conversion requires the programmer to manually convert a value from one type to another.

Using a function such as ______ to convert a string to a number is an example of explicit conversion.

What is the main advantage of explicit conversion?

Implicit coercion happens automatically without the programmer’s explicit instruction.

Implicit coercion may lead to ______ results if the language’s rules are not well understood.

Which of the following is a risk associated with implicit coercion?

Functions are reusable blocks of code that can accept inputs and return outputs.

In many programming languages, functions are considered ______ citizens because they can be passed as arguments.

Which of the following is NOT a property of functions?

An expression is any valid unit of code that resolves to a value.

The statement 2 + 3 is an example of an arithmetic ______.

Which of the following is an example of an expression?

Arguments are the actual values passed to a function during a call.

In the function call sum(3, 4), the numbers 3 and 4 are called ______.

Which of the following best describes arguments?

A statement is an instruction that performs an action but may not necessarily produce a value.

In many languages, a statement ends with a ______ (such as a semicolon).

Which of the following is a statement?

Higher-order functions can take other functions as arguments or return them.

Functions like map, filter, and reduce are common examples of ______ functions.

Which statement is true about higher-order functions?

Iteration is the process of repeating a block of code until a condition is met.

Using a ______ loop is a common way to perform iteration in many programming languages.

Which of the following best describes iteration?

Loops are control structures that repeatedly execute code based on a condition.

A ______ loop executes its block at least once before checking the condition.

Which loop type checks the condition before each iteration?

An iterable is any object that can be looped over, such as arrays or strings.

In JavaScript, an object is iterable if it implements the ______ method.

Which of the following is typically NOT iterable?

Control flow determines the order in which code statements are executed.

Conditional statements and loops are constructs that manage ______ flow in a program.

Which of the following is NOT a control flow structure?

Synchronous operations are executed one after another, blocking subsequent code until completion.

In a ______ model, tasks are executed sequentially, with each task waiting for the previous one to finish.

Which is a characteristic of synchronous code?

Asynchronous operations allow other code to run while waiting for long-running tasks to complete.

The use of callbacks, promises, or async/await are common approaches to handling ______ code.

Which of the following best describes asynchronous programming?

Abstraction involves hiding the complex reality while exposing only the necessary parts of an object or system.

In programming, abstraction helps reduce complexity by focusing on ______ details.

Which statement best describes abstraction?

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

The efficiency of an algorithm is often measured in terms of time and ______ complexity.

Which of the following is an example of an algorithm?

An API defines a set of protocols for building and interacting with software applications.

APIs allow different software systems to ______ with each other.

Which of the following is NOT a typical function of an API?

A bug is an error or flaw in a program that causes unexpected behavior.

The process of finding and fixing bugs is known as ______.

Which statement about bugs is correct?

A class is a blueprint for creating objects, defining properties and methods.

In object-oriented programming, a ______ is an instance of a class.

Which of the following best describes a class?

Compilation is the process of translating source code into machine code.

A ______ is the program that performs the compilation of source code.

Which of the following is a characteristic of compilation?

A compiler translates code from a high-level language to a low-level language such as machine code.

The main role of a compiler is to ______ code for execution by the computer’s processor.

Which is NOT a responsibility of a compiler?

Data structures are ways to organize and store data for efficient access and modification.

Common data structures include arrays, lists, trees, and ______.

Which of the following is considered a data structure?

Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in a program.

A ______ debugger helps developers step through code to locate bugs.

Which tool is commonly used for debugging?

Dependency injection is a design pattern where an object’s dependencies are provided externally rather than created within the object.

Dependency injection promotes ______ by decoupling the creation of dependencies from their usage.

Which benefit is most associated with dependency injection?

Encapsulation is the bundling of data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

Encapsulation helps protect an object’s internal state from ______ access.

What is a key benefit of encapsulation?

Exception handling is a mechanism to manage runtime errors gracefully.

A block of code that catches exceptions is typically labeled ______ in many languages.

Which of the following is a common keyword in exception handling?

A framework provides a pre-built structure and set of tools to build applications.

A framework can drastically reduce development time by providing common ______ and patterns.

Which of the following is an example of a web development framework?

Garbage collection is the automated process of reclaiming memory from objects that are no longer in use.

Languages like Java and C# use ______ collection to manage memory automatically.

What is the main purpose of garbage collection?

Inheritance allows one class to acquire properties and methods of another class.

In object-oriented programming, a subclass inherits from a ______ class.

Which of the following is an advantage of inheritance?

An IDE typically includes a code editor, debugger, and build automation tools.

An IDE helps streamline the development process by providing integrated ______.

Which of the following is an example of an IDE?

An interface defines a contract of methods that a class must implement without specifying how they are implemented.

In many languages, an interface specifies ______ that a class should implement.

What is a key benefit of using interfaces?

A library is a collection of prewritten code that developers can call upon to perform common tasks.

Using a library allows you to avoid ______ code from scratch.

Which statement about libraries is false?

OOP is a programming paradigm that organizes code around objects and data rather than actions and logic.

The four pillars of OOP are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and ______.

Which of the following is NOT a core principle of OOP?

Polymorphism allows methods to have different implementations based on the object calling them.

In OOP, polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their ______ class.

Which scenario best demonstrates polymorphism?

Recursion occurs when a function calls itself to solve a problem.

A recursive function must have a ______ condition to prevent infinite recursion.

Which is a risk of using recursion?

Runtime refers to the period when a program is executing.

Errors that occur during the execution of a program are known as ______ errors.

Which term is most associated with the concept of runtime?

Syntax refers to the rules that define the structure of a programming language.

A syntax ______ occurs when the code does not follow the language’s grammatical rules.

Which of the following is primarily concerned with syntax?

Semantics in programming refers to the meaning and behavior of code constructs rather than their structure.

While syntax is about how code is written, ______ is about what the code does.

Which statement is true about semantics?

Concurrency involves multiple tasks making progress at overlapping time periods.

Concurrency can be achieved by interleaving the execution of ______ tasks

Which of the following best describes concurrency?

Parallelism is the simultaneous execution of multiple computations.

Parallelism is often used to improve performance by utilizing multiple ______ or cores.

Which of the following distinguishes parallelism from concurrency?

Immutable data structures cannot be changed after they are created.

In an immutable data structure, operations return a ______ copy rather than modifying the original.

Which is a benefit of using immutable data structures?

Functional programming treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing state.

A key concept in functional programming is the use of ______ functions.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of functional programming?

In event-driven programming, the flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions or messages.

An ______ is an action or occurrence that can trigger a function in event-driven systems.

Which of the following best describes event-driven programming?

Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems in software design.

The Singleton, Observer, and Factory patterns are examples of ______ patterns.

Which statement is true about design patterns?

Version control systems help track changes and manage collaboration on source code over time.

Git is an example of a ______ control system.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using version control?

Unit testing focuses on testing individual components in isolation.

Integration testing verifies that multiple components work together as expected, while ______ testing evaluates the entire system.

Which level of testing is most concerned with the overall behavior of the application?

Refactoring involves restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior.

The primary goal of refactoring is to improve code ______ and maintainability.

Which is a common reason to refactor code?

Documentation provides detailed information about how a program works and how to use it.

Good documentation is essential for maintaining code, especially when new developers need to ______ a project.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of documentation?