Physics

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Questions and Answers

What does Coulomb’s Law describe the relationship between?

Electric force and distance between charges (correct)

Electric force and temperature

Potential difference and current

Magnetic force and electric charge

How is electric field strength defined?

The potential difference per unit length

The magnetic flux density in a region

The force on a unit positive charge at a point in the field (correct)

The work done on a charge in a circuit

What is the purpose of electric potential?

To measure the current through a conductor

To calculate the energy stored in an electric field

To quantify the work done per unit charge against a field (correct)

To define the force between two charges

What is magnetic flux density measured in?

Tesla Signup and view all the answers

Which law states that the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage?

Faraday’s Law Signup and view all the answers

What does the weber measure?

The magnetic flux through an area Signup and view all the answers

What role does the magnetic force play in relation to current and magnetic field?

It acts perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship stated by Ohm’s Law?

Current is proportional to potential difference under constant conditions Signup and view all the answers

What defines the amplitude of a wave?

The magnitude of the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position Signup and view all the answers

How is the speed of a wave calculated?

Distance traveled by the wave divided by the time taken Signup and view all the answers

What does phase difference refer to in wave mechanics?

The fraction of a cycle by which one wave is ahead of the other Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes a transverse wave?

Particles oscillate perpendicular to the energy transfer direction Signup and view all the answers

According to Malus's Law, how does the intensity of polarized light change?

It varies with the square of the cosine of the angle of rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term wavefront?

A line or surface joining points in phase on a wave Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between frequency and period?

Period is the inverse of frequency Signup and view all the answers

In the context of wave phenomena, what characterizes polarization?

Restriction of oscillations to a single plane Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's 3rd Law of motion state about the forces exerted between two bodies?

The forces exerted are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of momentum?

The product of mass and velocity of a body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of mass defect?

The difference between the mass of the separated nucleons and the mass of the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met for the conservation of momentum to apply?

There must be no external forces acting on the system. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons?

Binding energy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of collision conserves both total momentum and total kinetic energy?

Elastic collision Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes radioactive decay?

It involves spontaneous change into a more stable nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What does Hooke’s Law describe?

The extension of a spring is proportional to the applied load. Signup and view all the answers

What is Archimedes Principle concerned with?

The upthrust on a submerged object equals the weight of fluid displaced. Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of half-life in nuclear physics?

The average time taken for the activity of a radioactive sample to halve. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two conditions required for a system to be in equilibrium?

Net external force is zero and net torque is zero. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes nuclear fission?

The splitting of a nucleus of high nucleon number into smaller nuclei with energy release. Signup and view all the answers

What is the moment of a force about a point defined as?

The product of the force and the distance from the point to the line of action. Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the quantity of heat required to produce a unit temperature rise of a body without a change in phase?

Heat Capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the term 'coulomb'?

The amount of electric charge that passes through a point in one second at one ampere. Signup and view all the answers

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state regarding internal energy in a closed system?

It increases with the sum of heat supplied and work done on the system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'specific latent heat of fusion'?

Heat required to convert a unit mass of solid to liquid without changing temperature. Signup and view all the answers

The electric current is defined as what?

Rate of flow of charges passing a point in a circuit. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'potential difference' refer to in an electrical circuit?

The energy per unit charge converted from one form to another while moving through the circuit. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following definitions best describes 'resistance'?

The ratio of potential difference across a conductor to the current through it. Signup and view all the answers

The definition of 'volt' is best described as?

The potential difference when one joule of energy is converted for one coulomb of charge. Signup and view all the answers

What does Lenz's Law state about the direction of induced emf?

It will oppose the change in magnetic flux linkage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the root-mean-square value of alternating current?

The value of direct current that dissipates energy at a rate equal to an a.c. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the photoelectric effect?

There exists a threshold frequency below which no electrons are emitted. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the work function of a metal?

The minimum energy required for an electron to escape the metal surface. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines a nucleon?

Particles comprising the atomic nucleus, including protons and neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'isotope' refer to?

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which statement is correct?

The product of the uncertainties in position and momentum is greater than Planck's constant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the nucleon number?

It is the sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definitions

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Measurements

Homogeneity of Equations: Every term on both sides of the equal sign must have the same units.
Systematic Errors: Readings/measurements are consistently smaller or larger than the true value by a fixed amount.
Random Errors: Readings/measurements scatter around a mean value.
Accuracy: Closeness of average measurements to the true value (affected by systematic error).
Precision: Agreement between repeated measurements of the same quantity (affected by random error).
Scalar: Quantity with only magnitude.
Vector: Quantity with both magnitude and direction.

Kinematics

Distance: Length of path followed by an object.
Displacement: Distance moved in a specific direction from a reference point.
Speed: Rate of change of distance travelled with respect to time.
Average Speed: Distance travelled divided by total time taken.
Velocity: Rate of change of displacement with respect to time.
Average Velocity: Change in displacement divided by time taken.
Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
Average Acceleration: Change in velocity divided by time taken.

Dynamics

Newton's 1st Law of Motion: A body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless a resultant external force acts on it.
Inertia: Reluctance of a body to change its motion. Measured by its mass.
Weight: Gravitational force exerted on an object by Earth.
Equilibrium: Resultant force and torque are zero in all directions.
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion: If a body exerts a force on another, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force.
Momentum: Product of mass and velocity. Acts in the same direction as velocity.
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion: Rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and is in the same direction.
Impulse: Product of force and time force acts.
Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it.
Elastic Collision: Total momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Inelastic Collision: Total momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision: Particles stick together after the collision. Total momentum is conserved.
Head-on Collision: Centre of mass of the objects are collinear before and after the collision.

Forces

Hooke's Law: Extension of a spring is proportional to the applied load (up to the limit of proportionality).
Density: Mass per unit volume of a substance.
Pressure: Force per unit area (acting at right angles).
Upthrust: Vertical upward force exerted by a fluid. (Fluid pressure higher on the bottom)
Archimedes Principle: Upthrust is equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
Equilibrium: Resultant force and torque are both zero.
Principle of Moments: Sum of clockwise moments is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments.
Moment: Product of force and perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action.
Couple: Equal and opposite parallel forces with different lines of action.
Torque: Product of one force and the perpendicular distance between the forces.
Centre of Gravity: Point where the total weight of the body appears to act.

Work, Energy, Power

Work Done: Product of force and displacement in the direction of the force.
Joule: Unit of work (1 N⋅m).
Principle of Conservation of Energy: Total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
Power: Rate of work done or energy conversion.

Circular Motion

Angular Displacement: Angle made by an object with respect to a reference line.
Radian: Angle subtended by an arc length equal to the radius.
Angular Velocity: Rate of change of angular displacement.
Period: Time taken for one complete revolution.
Frequency: Number of complete revolutions per unit time.

Gravitational Field

Newton's Law of Gravitation: Force between two point masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Gravitational Field: Region of space in which a mass experiences a gravitational force.
Gravitational Field Strength: Gravitational force per unit mass.
Gravitational Potential Energy: Work done by an external agent to bring a small test point mass from infinity to that point in the field without acceleration.
Gravitational Potential: Work done per unit mass by an external agent to bring a small test point mass from infinity to that point in the field without acceleration.
Geostationary Satellite: Remains at a fixed position relative to Earth's surface. (24 hours period, East-wards, lies above the Equator).

Oscillations

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): Acceleration is proportional to displacement from equilibrium and in opposite direction.
Angular Frequency: Rate of change of phase angle of oscillation.
Amplitude: Magnitude of maximum displacement from equilibrium.
Period: Time taken for one complete oscillation.
Frequency: Number of oscillations per unit time.
Free Oscillations: Oscillation without external forces, constant energy.
Damped Oscillations: Oscillation with decreasing amplitude due to dissipative forces.
Light Damping: Amplitude decays exponentially with time, frequency slightly less than undamped.
Critical Damping: No oscillation, system returns to equilibrium in shortest time.
Heavy Damping: No oscillation, system takes long time to return to equilibrium.
Forced Oscillations: Oscillation with external driving force.
Resonance: Occurs when driving frequency matches natural frequency, maximum amplitude.

Wave Motion

Progressive Wave: Transfer of energy from one location to another without matter transfer.
Displacement: Distance from equilibrium position.
Amplitude: Maximum displacement of a particle.
Period: Time for one complete oscillation.
Frequency: Number of oscillations per unit time.
Wavelength: Distance between two consecutive points in phase.
Speed of Wave: Distance travelled by a wave divided by time.
Phase: Stage of motion of a particle.
Phase Difference: Fraction of cycle between two particle's movements.
Wavefront: Points on a wave that are in phase.
Wave Intensity: Rate of energy transfer per unit area normal to the direction of wave propagation.
Point Source: Source that emits waves in all directions.

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

Transverse Wave: Particle oscillations are perpendicular to energy transfer.
Longitudinal Wave: Particle oscillations are parallel to energy transfer.
Polarization: Restriction of oscillations to a single plane (transverse waves).
Malus' Law: Intensity of plane-polarized light after passing a polarizer is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle between polarizer and polarization direction.

Superposition

Principle of Superposition: Resultant displacement is the vector sum of individual wave displacements.
Stationary Wave: Superposition of two progressive waves travelling in opposite directions (standing wave).
Diffraction: Spreading of waves after passing an aperture, width of slit/obstacle affects the extent of spreading.
Coherence: Waves have a constant phase difference.
Interference: Superposition of coherent waves, constructive (maximum amplitude) or destructive (minimum amplitude).
Conditions for Observable Interference: Coherent waves, similar amplitude, overlapping waves.

Thermal 1: Temperature and Ideal Gas

Heat: Energy transferred due to temperature difference.
Thermal Equilibrium: No net heat flow between objects at the same temperature.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Ideal Gas: Gas that obeys the equation pV = nRT (pressure, volume, temperature).
Mole: Amount of substance containing Avogadro's number of particles.

Thermal 2: First Law of Thermodynamics

Heat Capacity: Quantity of heat needed for 1 degree temperature rise.
Specific Heat Capacity: Heat needed for 1 kg of mass to rise 1 degree Celsius.
Specific Latent Heat of Fusion: Heat for converting 1 kg of solid to liquid without temperature change.
Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization: Heat for converting 1 kg of liquid to gas without temperature change.
Internal Energy: Total kinetic and potential energy of particles in a system.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Change in internal energy = heat added - work done.

Current of Electricity and DC

Electric Current: Rate of flow of charge.
Coulomb: Unit of charge (1 second of current).
Potential Difference: Energy converted per unit charge. Volt (Joule/Coulomb).
Electromotive Force (emf): Energy converted per unit charge to drive charges.
Resistance: Ratio of potential difference to current. Ohm (Volt/Ampere).
Ohm's Law: Current is directly proportional to potential difference.

Electric Field

Coulomb's Law: Force between two point charges is proportional to the product and inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
Electric Field: Region where a charge experiences an electric force
Electric Field Strength: Electric force per unit positive charge.
Electric Potential: Work done per unit positive charge to bring a charge from infinity to the point.
Electric Potential Energy: Work done by an external agent to bring a charge from infinity to a specific point.

Electromagnetism

Magnetic Field: Region where a magnetic material/current-carrying conductor/moving charge experience a magnetic force.
Magnetic Flux Density: Force per unit length and current (Tesla).
Tesla: Unit of magnetic flux density (force per unit length and current).

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's Law: Induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.
Magnetic Flux: Product of magnetic flux density and area normal to the flux
Magnetic Flux Linkage: Magnetic flux through a coil times the number of turns.
Weber: Unit of magnetic flux (1 tesla-square meter).
Lenz's Law: Induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux.

Alternating Currents

Alternating Current: Current that changes direction periodically
Root-mean-square (rms) value: Equivalent steady DC value for power dissipation.
Ideal Transformer: No energy loss when stepping up or down voltage.

Quantum Physics

Photoelectric Effect: Emission of electrons from a metal surface when light shines on it.
Observations of the Photoelectric Effect: Threshold frequency exists, emission is instantaneous, stopping potential depends on frequency but not intensity.
Photon: Quantum of electromagnetic radiation(energy=hf, Planck's constant).
Work Function: Minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from a metal surface.
Threshold Frequency: Minimum frequency for photoemission.
Ionization Energy: Minimum energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: Uncertainty in position and momentum cannot both be precisely known at the same time.

Nuclear Physics

Nucleons: Protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
Nucleon Number: Total number of protons and neutrons.
Atomic Number: Number of protons.
Neutron Number: Number of neutrons.
Nuclide: Nucleus with a specified number of protons and neutrons.
Isotope: Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Atomic mass unit (u): 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Mass Defect: Difference between the total mass of separated nucleons and the mass of the nucleus.
Binding Energy: Energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent nucleons.
Binding Energy per Nucleon: Average binding energy per nucleon.
Nuclear Fission: Splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller ones.
Nuclear Fusion: Combining smaller nuclei into a larger one.
Radioactive Decay: Unstable nucleus transforms into a more stable one, emitting radiation/particles.

Radioactive Decay

Spontaneous Decay: Process unaffected by external factors.
Random Decay: Impossible to predict when a particular nucleus decays.
Decay Law: Rate of decay is proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei.
Half-life: Time taken for half the nuclei to decay
Activity: Number of decays per unit time.
Decay Constant: Probability of decay per unit time.
Count rate: Rate of emissions detected from a radioactive source.

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