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Chapter Overview

• The chapter explains services and infrastructure provided by the government that are crucial for citizens' well-being
• It discusses access to clean water, sanitation, electricity, public transport, and healthcare leading to a better life quality
• Examination of challenges in equitable public facilities distribution and the government's role is also discussed

Public Facilities Overview

• These notes provide an overview of CBSE Class 8 Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities, and essential aspects such as water, sanitation, electricity, and healthcare are covered
• This explains their significance in citizens' quality of life improvement
• The notes discuss the government's role in ensuring accessibility, addressing inequality, and challenges in distribution
• It helps students grasp concepts and understand public facilities' importance in a democratic society

Public Facilities PDF

• Notes offer detailed chapter understanding highlighting essential services importance like water, electricity, and healthcare
• It provides clear explanations and insights, invaluable for student exam preparation

Water and the People of Chennai

• Inequalities regarding access to water in Chennai are significant across different areas
• Anna Nagar residents enjoy regular water supply and can easily arrange for water tankers, even during scarcity

Chennai Disparities

• In Mylapore, water is available every two days, but borewell water is brackish, forcing residents to use expensive tankers
• Madipakkam receives water every four days
• In Saidapet Slum, 30 hutments share a single tap which provides water for 20 minutes twice daily
• Marginalized communities face challenges in accessing basic public facilities such as water

Fundamental Right to Life

• Water is essential for life and health, and safe drinking water prevents water-related diseases which claim over 1,600 Indian lives daily
• Access to clean water is a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution, guarantees the Right to Life
• Ensures every individual, regardless of economic status, has access to sufficient and affordable water
• Courts, including the High Courts and the Supreme Court, have affirmed the right to safe drinking water is a fundamental right
• Universal access to water is reinforced as a critical aspect of human dignity and survival

Public Facilities Examples

• Public facilities include healthcare, sanitation, electricity, public transport, and educational institutions
• These services are vital for maintaining public health and hygiene, overall community development and well-being
• Public facilities serve multiple people simultaneously, benefiting many and contributing to collective welfare

Government's Role

• The government has a crucial role in ensuring that public facilities are accessible to everyone
• Essential service provision, vital for population well-being but may not generate profit, is a government responsibility unlike private companies who operate for profit
• Private entities may be present in the education and healthcare sectors, they often charge unaffordable rates

Right to Life

• Public facilities are tied to basic human needs
• The government needs to guarantee these services to all citizens, as part of the Right to Life enshrined in the Constitution

Government Budget

• The budget funds public facilities, as presented annually in Parliament and includes government spending details on programs of the previous and upcoming years
• This is primarily funded by taxes collected from citizens and businesses, plus other revenue sources like duties, fees, and public sector enterprises
• By budget allocation, the government provides necessary public facilities like water, healthcare, education, and transportation

Water Supply to Chennai

• Access disparity in Chennai's water supply highlights how the economically disadvantaged are greatly affected
• Chennai faces water shortages and uneven distribution, where public facilities, like water, should be available to all
• Those near storage points enjoy more regular water supply, the municipal water supply meets about half of the city's needs

Coping With Shortfalls and Equitable Access

• Those living in poverty feel these shortfalls most since they lack resources to find other water sources
• The middle class can mitigate water shortages by digging borewells, purchasing tanker water, or using bottled water
• Achieving universal and equitable access to essential resources such as water remains an ongoing challenge
• Access to safe drinking water is more of a privilege tied to financial means rather than a universally available public facility

In Search of Alternatives

• Where Chennai faces water shortages with unequal distribution reflects wider problems faced by cities in India
• Crisis intensifies during summer months leading to increased private water companies which promotes privatization that creates concern for fairness with water
• With an intensifies reliance on private companies that promote privatization which concerns fairness

Water Standard

• The Urban Water Commission recommends a daily supply of 135 liters of water per person in urban areas, but this standard is far from being met for everyone
• The wealthy have access to ample resources as those in luxury hotels can consume up to 1,600 liters per day
• Whereas those living in slums often struggle with less than 20 liters, which highlights the current systems inadequacies

Issues with Privatisation

• The government’s inability to meet water demand might suggest privatization as the solution but global experiences indicate otherwise
• Water supply was privatized in Bolivia, the cost of water skyrocketed, which led to widespread protests which then forced governments to reclaim control
• Private companies harvesting and water regulation occur in Chennai, but it has instances where government-run operations succeeded

Better Solutions

• Cities like Mumbai and Hyderabad have shown effective systems can work where government-run water departments improve both converge and function financially
• Water is a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution and ensuring these facilities are provided equitably is a primary responsibility of the government
• Strengthening public systems, not privatization, ensures every citizen gains access to these basic resources to live a dignified life

Benefits of Study Notes

• Comprehensive Understanding: Detailed explanation of kinds, their importance, and government role.
• Enhanced Knowledge of Government Responsibilities: Students learn the governments role.
• Awareness of Public Services: Water, sanitation, healthcare, education and transport.
• Insight into Challenges: Funding and inequities.
• Exam Preparation: Aligned to the CBSE curriculum
• Global and Local Perspectives: Balanced view of public facilities in both local and global contexts.
• Critical Thinking: How to evaluate managing public services.
• Improved Retention: Information is structured and clear.

Marginalisation Overview

• To be marginalized means to be forced to the sides or fringes, away from the center
• Marginalized populations or groups experience social exclusions plus inequalities with power/resources

What is Social marginalisation

• Definition: Groups of people or communities feeling excluded from the social environment
• Reasons: Different language, customs, traditions or religious beliefs and people are considered to be of 'low' social status
• Economic, social, cultural and political factors cause groups in society to feel marginalized

Impact on Others

• Marginalized groups are viewed with hostility/fear & lack representation and participation in governance
• It may involve marginalized communities not having access to resources & power that would assert rights & results that involve poverty & backwardness

Who are Adivasis?

• Those in Tribal groups are as referred to as Adivasis, it means the very first, the original inhabitants
• These populations who lived & continue to live have it living closely to their association.
• They are a distinctive group in where they live. Radically different from principles.

Facts About Indian Tribes

• Adivasi population equals about 8% of India's people is adivasi.
• Most of the country's mining areas occur in areas like Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro
• There are over 500 various and distinct Adivasi groups with different beliefs in India.
• There are about 60 tribal ones and another states and the seven sister.

Indian Religions

• Adivasis practice tribal religions different from Islam, Hinduism and Christian ways.
• They worship ancestor worship, village sites and the ‘mountain-spirits’.
• Village boundary spirits and the ancestral ones worshipped at home.
• They are religious and have many traditions.

Adivasi Stereotyping

• Adivasi communities showcase themselves in special way is to be in how they’re viewed in a stereotype.
• Very stereotypical in their customs/dress
• This leads to people believing they are exotic

Adivasis and Economic Status:

• Forests covered a major part of India until 19th century where Adivasis had deep access and control with land
• Not ruled by large states. This made forest resources depend on Adivasis.
• Ranging from nomadic life to agriculture, for 200 years, Adivasis were increasingly forced, through land economic policies and political force, from industries

A Summary On the Social Rights of Adivasis

• 1830s, Adivasis from Jharkhand in large amounts had there areas moved, due to plantations moved from a lot of places.
• Forest Lands that were cleared for land and industry with the other natural resources for their major over-mining and industry projects

Exploitation

• Powerful Forces collude to take over tribal land forcefully, procedures not being followed
• Adivasi population is over 50% of people displaced due to mining projects of the tribals with and survey report
• Land has gone toward waters and lakes while Adivasi peoples are evicted for parks.

Further Information

• Their lands where the Northeastern part remains militarized. And main Adivasi loss of source and food.
• 45% of tribal groups are poor there with high levels of deprivation, malnourished tribal children-low Literacy rates, etc.
• Act in support and interconnected dimensions and impacts

More Info

• Land and agriculture, forests under FRA 2006
• Claims for land rejected
• Criminal using produce
• Govt defense.

Fundamental Rights Summary

• Dalits draw upon Fundamental Rights to demand dignity and equality. – Article 17 abolishing untouchability, ensuring no one prevents Dalits education, temple entry, public facilities – Article 15 ensures no discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth – Used by Dalits to seek equality where it has been denied

Dalits Fighting for Rights

• Dalits invoke Fundamental Rights when treated badly by individuals, communities, or governments. – Draw government's attention to Constitution, demand adherence, justice.
• Minority groups rely on Fundamental Rights, especially freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights. – Cultural, religious groups (Muslims, Parsis) right to guard/preserve culture.
• Constitution grants cultural rights ensuring culture is not dominated/wiped out by majority community.

Government Role

• Government makes laws protecting citizens.
• Specific laws and policies are in place for the marginalised, setting up committees, surveys, etc.
• Schemes implement the Constitution in tribal areas with some communities, which provides free/subsidized Dalit and Adivasi community hostels for education facilities.
• Reservation policy significant, contentious to ensure concrete steps are taken steps to end inequity in the system.

Reservation Policy

• Laws reserve seats in education, government jobs for Dalits/Adivasis – Addresses denial of opportunities for centuries, enables democratic government to assist – Scheduled Castes, Tribes, backward castes have separate lists (Govt & central) requiring proof of caste/tribe status for availing benefit of reservation.
• Colleges set cut-off marks meaning not all Dalit and tribal candidates can qualify so, governments also offer scholarships

Protection and Integration

• Dalits use Kabir's work, poems & philosophies for equality.
• Our country has specific laws guarding against society discrimination, exploitation of communities,
• A case study shows how Dalits use the protection of laws.
• The village community order will be in place for ostracizing the family
• Forcing a Dalit member to wash the feet of all priests and bathing in the water used is against the law.

Rathnam's Story

• Rathnam filed a case to the local police station under the Scheduled Castes and in the Scheduled Tribes Act it is also known as atrocities.
• Dalit groups demand new laws as it becomes a practice of more and violence.
• Act lists modes of exploitation of resources
• It recognizes that crimes affect different tribal women.
• Govt enacted 2006 undo the atrocities and gives right to land and resources.
• The Act is meant for undoing of the historical injustices from forest dwelling, and for not recognising their rights to land and
• Guarantees that those that are on paper are not in reality, must be to translated.