Classical

Combined tonal and atonal elements with violent emotion, despite criticism for "discordant" music.

Modernized music by mixing 1920s jazz with classical forms and Bach-style baroque music.

Pioneered "free music," experimenting with random, gliding sounds without set rhythm or pitch, using elastic scoring.

Featured the ondes Martenot early electronic instrument in his Turangalila-Symphonie.

Created 'In C,' where instrumentalists repeat short phrases at different times, creating slowly shifting minimalist music.

Atonal music avoids establishing a tonal center or key.

Polytonal music uses multiple keys simultaneously.

Music composed using random or chance operations.

John Cage was a composer known for chance music and his piece 4'33", which is largely silence.

A visual representation of music using shapes and symbols, rather than traditional notation.

Italian composer who studied speech patterns and Sicilian folk music.

Combined Japanese instruments/scales and Western orchestra to create interesting harmonies.

Icelandic composer inspired by Iceland's landscape and dark winters.

Studied by Berio which he then applied to music.

Won by Hildur Guðnadóttir in 2020 for the musical score of the film Joker.

A broad term encompassing diverse styles of music that emerged roughly from the 1910s onwards, characterized by experimentation and a departure from traditional forms.

Austrian composer and theorist, known for his development of atonal music and the twelve-tone technique.

German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, and conductor who mixed jazz with classical forms.

A compositional technique using all twelve tones of the chromatic scale in a series, avoiding the emphasis of any one tone.

Estonian composer known for minimalist orchestral techniques and religious music, creating poetic sounds.

Composer who creates phase-shifting music using tape loops and speech recordings, with instruments playing at slightly different speeds.

Applies humor and rhythmic excitement to minimalism, writing pieces based on world headlines and major events.

South African composer who combines rhythms and techniques from African music with his own style after working with Stockhausen.

Finnish composer experimenting with a combination of synthesized electronic and instrumental sounds to produce dramatic and mysterious new music.

A composer who uses simple, repetitive musical elements.

An Estonian composer known for religious music using minimalist techniques.

Creating music with phase-shifting by using instruments playing at slightly different speeds, inspired by tape loops.

Applying humor and rhythmic excitement to minimalism, often writing pieces based on current events.

A technique where musical phrases are repeated, but gradually shift out of sync with each other.