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Questions and Answers
What does the half-value layer (HVL) specifically measure?
What does the half-value layer (HVL) specifically measure?
What is the primary result of a filament electron removing a K shell electron?
What is the primary result of a filament electron removing a K shell electron?
How much energy from filament electrons is generally converted into x-rays at the anode?
How much energy from filament electrons is generally converted into x-rays at the anode?
What happens to the x-ray emission spectrum when filtration is added to the beam path?
What happens to the x-ray emission spectrum when filtration is added to the beam path?
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What is the energy of the K-characteristic photon produced when a K shell electron is removed and an M shell electron fills the vacancy?
What is the energy of the K-characteristic photon produced when a K shell electron is removed and an M shell electron fills the vacancy?
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What function do rectifiers serve in the x-ray circuit?
What function do rectifiers serve in the x-ray circuit?
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Where is the line compensator typically wired?
Where is the line compensator typically wired?
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What does 'ripple' refer to in the context of electrical signals?
What does 'ripple' refer to in the context of electrical signals?
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What is required for mutual induction to occur in a coil of wire?
What is required for mutual induction to occur in a coil of wire?
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In the US, how frequently does the electricity that flows through homes alternate?
In the US, how frequently does the electricity that flows through homes alternate?
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How does decreased ripple affect the energy of the x-rays produced?
How does decreased ripple affect the energy of the x-rays produced?
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What is the primary purpose of grounding in an electrical system?
What is the primary purpose of grounding in an electrical system?
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What path do electrons follow within the x-ray tube?
What path do electrons follow within the x-ray tube?
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What is the primary function of the mA meter in the x-ray circuit?
What is the primary function of the mA meter in the x-ray circuit?
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What principle does the autotransformer operate on?
What principle does the autotransformer operate on?
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What type of relationship do voltage and current have?
What type of relationship do voltage and current have?
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Which layer of the stationary anode is embedded in a copper rod?
Which layer of the stationary anode is embedded in a copper rod?
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What happens to electrons from the cathode that do not produce x-rays?
What happens to electrons from the cathode that do not produce x-rays?
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What is the output voltage typically found on the secondary side of the step-up transformer?
What is the output voltage typically found on the secondary side of the step-up transformer?
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What is the role of the focusing cup in x-ray tube operation?
What is the role of the focusing cup in x-ray tube operation?
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What happens if the anode angle is too small?
What happens if the anode angle is too small?
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What occurs after lengthy exposures in a mobile fluoroscopic unit?
What occurs after lengthy exposures in a mobile fluoroscopic unit?
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To utilize the anode heel effect effectively, where should the thicker part of the anatomy be positioned?
To utilize the anode heel effect effectively, where should the thicker part of the anatomy be positioned?
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Why is tungsten primarily used in x-ray tube targets?
Why is tungsten primarily used in x-ray tube targets?
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What is the effect of adding rhenium to the tungsten in the rotating anode disc?
What is the effect of adding rhenium to the tungsten in the rotating anode disc?
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What is one of the main functions of the protective housing of the x-ray tube?
What is one of the main functions of the protective housing of the x-ray tube?
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How does the glass or metal enclosure contribute to the function of the x-ray tube?
How does the glass or metal enclosure contribute to the function of the x-ray tube?
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What characteristic of molybdenum makes it suitable for use in x-ray tubes?
What characteristic of molybdenum makes it suitable for use in x-ray tubes?
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What forms the effective focal spot in an x-ray tube?
What forms the effective focal spot in an x-ray tube?
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What is the maximum allowable leakage radiation from an x-ray tube at a distance of one meter?
What is the maximum allowable leakage radiation from an x-ray tube at a distance of one meter?
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What happens to the beam energy and penetrability as the kVp is increased?
What happens to the beam energy and penetrability as the kVp is increased?
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What is bremsstrahlung radiation associated with?
What is bremsstrahlung radiation associated with?
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What does an increase in distance from the x-ray source do to the beam quantity?
What does an increase in distance from the x-ray source do to the beam quantity?
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What does characteristic radiation specifically result from?
What does characteristic radiation specifically result from?
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In the context of x-ray emission spectrum, what does a discrete line indicate for a tungsten target?
In the context of x-ray emission spectrum, what does a discrete line indicate for a tungsten target?
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What does the term 'bremsstrahlung' translate to in English?
What does the term 'bremsstrahlung' translate to in English?
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What type of x-ray beam is referred to as a 'hard' beam?
What type of x-ray beam is referred to as a 'hard' beam?
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Study Notes
X-ray Circuit
- Rectifiers convert AC to DC
- The line compensator connects to the autotransformer
- X-ray production sequence: adjusting voltage at the autotransformer, voltage to primary side of step-up transformer, kilovoltage leaves step-up transformer, alternating current is converted to direct current, voltage is rectified.
- Ohm's Law: V = IR (volts = amps × ohms)
- Ripple: voltage fluctuation in electricity
X-ray Tube
- Electrons flow from cathode to anode in the x-ray tube
- Tungsten is used to coat the anode because of its high melting point
- The anode rotates, operated by mutual induction, and has an area of tungsten embedded in a copper rod.
- The focusing cup is part of the secondary circuit
- Anode angle ranges between 7° and 18°
- Molybdenum is used in rotating anodes for its light strength
- The cathode includes filaments, a focusing cup, and provides electrons for x-ray production
- The effective focal spot is the area of the target where electrons strike
- Copper is found in the shaft of the rotating anode
- The positive end of the x-ray tube is the anode
- X-ray tubes have glass enclosures typically made of boron-silicate glass (Pyrex)
- Cooling fans and an oil bath help keep the x-ray tube cool
- If the anode angle is too small, x-ray beam size may be limited, intensity may reduced, and/or the anode heel effect may not be seen.
Parallel Circuit
- Circuit elements are wired along a single conductor (False)
- Total current of circuit pictured: 0.75A
Transformer Operation
- Step-up and step-down transformers operate on the principle of mutual induction
- Voltage output in secondary side of a step-up transformer, based on provided diagram, is 800V.
- Voltage and current have an inverse relationship
X-ray Production (Chapter 6)
- As kVp increases, beam energy and penetrability increase
- During Bremsstrahlung interaction, filament electrons are attracted to the nucleus and change direction
- Characteristic x-rays result when inner-shell electrons are knocked out and outer-shell electrons fill the vacancy
- Filtration absorbs low-energy photons, reducing beam quantity
- Increasing distance decreases beam quantity reaching a specific area
- The discrete line on the tungsten target's x-ray emission spectrum is approximately 69 keV
- Bremsstrahlung means braking radiation
- A higher energy beam is considered a hard beam
- Changes along the x-axis of the x-ray emission spectrum reflect changes in quality
- Half-value layer (HVL) measures beam quality
- A continuous emission spectrum represents bremsstrahlung radiation.
- Changes in the target material and target location/changes to the discrete line will affect the x-axis, y-axis, discrete line location within the emission spectrum.
Grounding
- Grounding is a safety measure to neutralize charged objects.
Other Notes
- The stationary anode includes an area of tungsten embedded in a copper rod
- The purpose of grounding is to neutralize charged objects.
- The mA meter monitors x-ray tube current and is located in the secondary circuit.
- The rheostat is a variable resistor
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Description
Explore the essential components and operations of x-ray circuits and tubes. This quiz covers the conversion of AC to DC, the role of rectifiers, and the x-ray production sequence. Test your knowledge on x-ray tube construction, materials, and functionality.
