RAD 112- Physics CHP 4,5&6 short version

<p>Spectrum changes along both the <em>x</em>-axis and <em>y</em>-axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>66.7 keV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convert alternating current to direct current (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To the autotransformer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fluctuation in voltage of the electrical signal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alternating current flowing in the primary coil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60 cycles per second (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Results in more consistent energy of the x-rays produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To neutralize a charged object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From Cathode to Anode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor x-ray tube current (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-induction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inverse relationship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tungsten (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They continue as current flow through the circuit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>800 V (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It directs the flow of electrons towards the anode. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intensity of the beam near the anode may be reduced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The x-ray tube may become very hot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under the anode end of the tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a high melting point and durability under heat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases thermal capacity and tensile strength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To shield against radiation leakage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains a vacuum within the tube. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a poor thermal conductor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The area where the electrons first strike the anode. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 mR per hour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus attraction of the filament electron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases the quantity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner-shell electron vacancy filling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characteristic energy of emitted photons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Braking radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high-energy beam (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) for use in x-ray production.

A device that adjusts the voltage applied to the x-ray tube, ensuring consistent x-ray output.

The process of changing the voltage of an electrical current using electromagnetic induction.

The fluctuation or variation in voltage within an electrical circuit, which can affect x-ray beam quality.

A type of electrical circuit with a single path for current to flow, meaning all components share the same current.

A type of electrical circuit where components are connected in parallel, meaning current can flow through multiple paths simultaneously.

A protective measure that neutralizes charged objects, preventing electrical shocks or damage.

The flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode within an x-ray tube, generating x-rays.

The half-value layer (HVL) is a measure of the thickness of a material required to reduce the intensity of an X-ray beam by half.

Bremsstrahlung radiation, also known as braking radiation, is produced when high-energy electrons are decelerated by the strong electric field surrounding the atomic nuclei in the target material.

The x-ray emission spectrum is a graph that shows the intensity of x-rays produced at different energies.

Beam quality refers to the penetrating ability of an x-ray beam. It is primarily determined by the energy of the x-rays in the beam, with higher-energy x-rays possessing greater penetrating power.

Adding filtration to an x-ray beam selectively removes lower-energy x-rays, resulting in a higher-quality beam with greater penetrating power. This shift in the spectrum is reflected in the x-axis.

mA meter measures the x-ray tube current, which is the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode.

The mA meter is located in the secondary circuit of the x-ray circuit. This is the side of the circuit where the high voltage is used to accelerate the electrons.

Voltage and current have an inverse relationship. This means that as voltage increases, current decreases, and vice versa.

The autotransformer operates on the principle of self-induction. This means that a changing magnetic field within the autotransformer coil induces a voltage in the same coil.

The stationary anode has an area of tungsten embedded in a copper rod. This tungsten target is what the electrons hit to produce x-rays.

The most common angle for the anode is 12 degrees. This helps to focus the x-ray beam and reduce the amount of scatter radiation produced.

Tungsten is used to coat the anode because it has a high melting point. This is important because the anode gets very hot when the x-ray tube is operating.

The motor that rotates the anode operates through mutual induction. This means that a changing magnetic field in one coil induces a voltage in a second coil, causing the motor to turn.

The maximum allowable leakage radiation from an x-ray tube is 100 milliroentgens (mR) per hour at a distance of one meter.

As the kVp (kilovolt peak) increases, the energy of the x-ray beam and its ability to penetrate matter (penetrablility) also increase.

During bremsstrahlung radiation production, a filament electron is attracted to the nucleus of an atom. Instead of being absorbed, the electron is slowed down and changes direction, causing it to emit an x-ray photon.

Characteristic x-rays are produced when an inner-shell electron is ejected from an atom. Then, an outer-shell electron fills the vacancy, releasing energy in the form of a characteristic x-ray photon with specific energy levels.

Filtration, commonly made of aluminum, is used to absorb low-energy photons from the x-ray beam. This improves beam quality and reduces patient dose.

As the distance between the x-ray source and the object increases, the x-ray beam spreads out, resulting in fewer photons reaching a specific area.

Tungsten is a common target material for x-ray tubes. The characteristic x-ray emission spectrum for tungsten has a discrete peak at approximately 69 keV.

Bremsstrahlung refers to "braking radiation" - the radiation produced when high-speed electrons are suddenly slowed down or stopped.

The stator is the portion of the induction motor that is made of electromagnets energized in opposing pairs. These electromagnets induce an electric current, creating a magnetic field.

The focusing cup is a component of the cathode. It's designed to direct electrons toward the anode. It acts like a funnel for the electrons to maintain a narrow beam.

The anode angle is the angle between the target surface and the central ray of the x-ray beam. It usually ranges from 7 to 18 degrees for most x-ray tubes. This angle affects the size and shape of the x-ray beam.

Molybdenum's low density makes it lightweight but strong. This is crucial for rotating anodes because the anode spins rapidly, and extra weight could cause damage or wear.

The cathode is the negative electrode in an x-ray tube. It's responsible for generating electrons and focusing them towards the anode. Key components include the filaments and the focusing cup.

The anode is the positive end of the x-ray tube where the electrons strike the target. It's responsible for converting kinetic energy of electrons into x-rays.

The glass or metal enclosure surrounding the x-ray tube serves to create and maintain a vacuum inside. This vacuum helps to ensure the efficient generation of x-rays by preventing collisions between electrons and air molecules, which could hinder the x-ray production process.

Lead lining is specifically used within the protective tube housing to absorb scattered radiation. This helps to reduce the amount of radiation exposure to personnel working near the x-ray tube.