X-Linked Recessive Enzyme Deficiencies Quiz

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What is the rate limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway?

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)

What is the main function of transaminases?

To convert carbons from the Krebs Cycle into amino acids

Where is Gamma-Glutamyl Transaminase (GGT) located?

In the liver mitochondria

What is the ratio of AST to ALT in liver disease?

1:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main job of enzymes in the body?

Enzymes help create energy. Signup and view all the answers

Why are enzymes important for reactions in the body?

Enzymes make reactions more probable and easier to occur. Signup and view all the answers

What is the high energy intermediate in a reaction?

The high energy intermediate is the point at the top of the mountain in the reaction diagram. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main functions of enzymes?

The four main functions of enzymes are: 1) Bringing substrates together in space and time, 2) Lowering the free energy of activation, 3) Stabilizing the high energy intermediate, and 4) Making reactions go faster. Signup and view all the answers

How many rounds of steps are needed to make a 16-carbon fatty acid?

7 rounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the main fatty acid that the body makes daily?

Palmitic acid Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a fatty acid to be saturated?

It has no double bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the omega number for counting carbons from the right side?

Omega-3 FA Signup and view all the answers

What pathway can arachidonic acid enter?

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) or lipo-oxygenase (LOX) pathway Signup and view all the answers

What type of prostaglandin is thromboxane?

Prostaglandin A-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas in the treatment of diabetes?

Sulfonylureas block the voltage-sensitive potassium channels, which keeps potassium within the cell and promotes insulin release. Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of sulfonylureas enhances peripheral glucose uptake?

Second Generation Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of sulfonylureas?

Hypoglycemia and Sulfa-associated side effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of incretin mimetics in the treatment of diabetes?

Incretin mimetics mimic the incretins (glucagon like peptide-1 [GLP-1]) that are secreted by the intestinal wall in response to food. They potentiate glucose-induced insulin release, inhibit glucagon release, inhibit GI secretion and motility, and inhibit appetite and food intake, leading to weight loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enzymes?

The primary function of enzymes is to catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major side effects of antibiotics?

The major side effects of antibiotics include aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome, and allergic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an isomer and an epimer?

An isomer has the same chemical makeup but a different structure, while an epimer has the same chemical makeup and structure but differs around one chiral carbon. Signup and view all the answers

In what order does the body break down sources of energy and build them back up through anabolic pathways?

The body breaks down sources of energy in the following order: plasma glucose, liver glycogen, proteins, lipids, and ketones. The body builds the sources back up in the same order they were broken down by anabolic pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Complex I in the mitochondria?

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) regenerates NAD+ and pumps H+ into the intermembranous space. Signup and view all the answers

How many ATPs are generated from one molecule of NADH?

NADH is worth 3 ATPs (actually 2.5). Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

FADH2 is formed during the beta-oxidation of fatty acids and the citric acid cycle. It is worth 2 ATPs (actually 1.5) and transfers electrons to Complex II. Signup and view all the answers

What are the inhibitors of electron transport and ATP synthesis?

Complex 1: Amytal, Rotenone; Complex 2: Malonate; Complex 3: Antimycin; Complex 4: CO, CN, Chloramphenicol; Complex 5: Oligomycin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition?

Competitive inhibition occurs when the substrate and inhibitor have similar properties and bind to the same active site. Non-competitive inhibition occurs when the substrate and inhibitor do not have similar properties and the inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, called the allosteric site. Signup and view all the answers

How does competitive inhibition affect the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate?

Competitive inhibition increases the Km value, which represents the substrate concentration at which the enzyme reaches half of its maximum velocity. As Km increases, the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of non-competitive inhibition on the efficacy of the substrate?

Non-competitive inhibition decreases the Vmax value, which represents the maximum velocity of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. As Vmax decreases, the efficacy of the substrate decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Why do we prefer drugs that act by competitive inhibition?

We prefer drugs that act by competitive inhibition because they are reversible. This means that if a patient overdoses, the effect can be reversed. Additionally, these types of drugs are used in diseases that have a worse prognosis than the side effects of the drug. Signup and view all the answers