Mastering Dominant and Recessive Traits

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Questions and Answers

Which division does nondisjunction occur in meiosis?

  • Maternal division
  • Meiosis I (correct)
  • Meiosis II
  • Paternal division

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

  • 25%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 0%
  • 100%

What is the probability of a girl having hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father is unaffected?

  • 0% (correct)
  • 50%
  • 100%
  • 25%

What is the probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother has red-green color blindness and her father is not color-blind?

<p>100% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother has red-green color blindness and his father is not color-blind?

<p>0% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the father of a man with red-green color blindness was also color-blind, does that change the probability of his child being color-blind?

<p>No (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 12% of offspring from a cross of fruit flies show nonparental phenotypes, how far apart are the genes in centimorgans?

<p>12 cM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins?

<p>Packaging DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the G1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

<p>Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some cells permanently enter G0 phase?

<p>To differentiate into specialized cell types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a trait or allele that is expressed over another in an individual's phenotype?

<p>Dominant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are dominant traits or alleles more common than recessive?

<p>It depends on the specific trait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are recessive traits considered defective or weak?

<p>Recessive traits can be defective or weak depending on the trait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a testcross be used to infer the genotype of an individual?

<p>By crossing the individual with a homozygous recessive individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is it possible for two individuals to have the same phenotype, but different genotypes?

<p>Yes, it is possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is it possible for two individuals to have the same genotype, but different phenotypes?

<p>It depends on the specific trait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Punnett square help determine?

<p>The probability of offspring having certain traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis involves one division, while meiosis involves two divisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

<p>Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As you go through the phases of human meiosis, how many chromosomes are there in each phase?

<p>23 chromosomes in each phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division does nondisjunction occur in meiosis?

<p>Both Meiosis I and Meiosis II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

<p>0% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl having hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father is unaffected?

<p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother has red-green color blindness and her father is not color-blind?

<p>0% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother has red-green color blindness and his father is not color-blind?

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins?

<p>To package DNA into a compact structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the G1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

<p>Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 12% of offspring from a cross of fruit flies show nonparental phenotypes, how far apart are the genes in centimorgans?

<p>24 centimorgans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the father of a man with red-green color blindness was also color-blind, does that change the probability of his child being color-blind?

<p>No, it does not change the probability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the control of the cell cycle?

<p>To regulate the progression of the cell cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a trait or allele that is expressed over another in an individual's phenotype?

<p>Incomplete dominance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in four genetically different daughter cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother has red-green color blindness and his father is not color-blind?

<p>0% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl having hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father is unaffected?

<p>0% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins?

<p>To regulate gene expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Punnett square help determine?

<p>The probability of inheriting a certain trait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a testcross be used to infer the genotype of an individual?

<p>By crossing the individual with a homozygous recessive individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are recessive traits considered defective or weak?

<p>No, recessive traits can be normal and not necessarily weak (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother has red-green color blindness and her father is not color-blind?

<p>0% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 12% of offspring from a cross of fruit flies show nonparental phenotypes, how far apart are the genes in centimorgans?

<p>12 cM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother has red-green color blindness and her father is not color-blind?

<p>0% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother has red-green color blindness and his father is not color-blind?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the father of a man with red-green color blindness was also color-blind, does that change the probability of his child being color-blind?

<p>No, it does not change the probability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

<p>0% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl having hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father is unaffected?

<p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

<p>Meiosis I involves the separation of homologous chromosomes, while meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins?

<p>Histone proteins are involved in the packaging of DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the G1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

<p>The cell grows and carries out normal cellular functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the control of the cell cycle?

<p>Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are responsible for the progression of the cell cycle through its various stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a trait or allele that is expressed over another in an individual's phenotype?

<p>Dominant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis results in the formation of genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in the formation of genetically diverse daughter cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division does nondisjunction occur in meiosis?

<p>Both Meiosis I and Meiosis II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a testcross be used to infer the genotype of an individual?

<p>By crossing the individual with a homozygous recessive individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are dominant traits or alleles more common than recessive?

<p>Recessive traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother has red-green color blindness and her father is not color-blind?

<p>0% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother has red-green color blindness and his father is not color-blind?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl having hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father is unaffected?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

<p>100% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As you go through the phases of human meiosis, how many chromosomes are there in each phase?

<p>23 chromosomes in each phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division does nondisjunction occur in meiosis?

<p>Both Meiosis I and Meiosis II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl having hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father is unaffected?

<p>0% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother has red-green color blindness and his father is not color-blind?

<p>0% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother has red-green color blindness and her father is not color-blind?

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis produces genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins?

<p>Histone proteins help condense and package DNA into chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Punnett square help determine?

<p>The probability of offspring having a specific genotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the G1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

<p>Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a trait or allele that is expressed over another in an individual's phenotype?

<p>Dominant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis produces genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

<p>Meiosis I involves two rounds of cell division, while meiosis II involves one round of cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is it possible for two individuals to have the same genotype, but different phenotypes?

<p>Yes, because the expression of genes can be influenced by environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins?

<p>Histone proteins help condense and package DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Punnett square help determine?

<p>The probability of certain genotypes and phenotypes in offspring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother has red-green color blindness and his father is not color-blind?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 12% of offspring from a cross of fruit flies show nonparental phenotypes, how far apart are the genes in centimorgans?

<p>12 cM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are recessive traits considered defective or weak?

<p>No, recessive traits are not considered defective or weak. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl having hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father is unaffected?

<p>0% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division does nondisjunction occur in meiosis?

<p>Both Meiosis I and Meiosis II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl having hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father is unaffected?

<p>0% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother has red-green color blindness and his father is not color-blind?

<p>0% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother has red-green color blindness and her father is not color-blind?

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the father of a man with red-green color blindness was also color-blind, does that change the probability of his child being color-blind?

<p>Yes, the probability increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Punnett square help determine?

<p>The probability of a trait in offspring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 12% of offspring from a cross of fruit flies show nonparental phenotypes, how far apart are the genes in centimorgans?

<p>12 cM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins?

<p>To package DNA into a compact structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis results in genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in genetically diverse daughter cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a trait or allele that is expressed over another in an individual's phenotype?

<p>Incomplete dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins?

<p>They regulate gene expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis involves one round of cell division, while meiosis involves two rounds of cell division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother has red-green color blindness and her father is not color-blind?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 12% of offspring from a cross of fruit flies show nonparental phenotypes, how far apart are the genes in centimorgans?

<p>12 cM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Punnett square help determine?

<p>The probability of a specific genotype in offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division does nondisjunction occur in meiosis?

<p>Meiosis I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are recessive traits considered defective or weak?

<p>Neither defective nor weak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As you go through the phases of human meiosis, how many chromosomes are there in each phase?

<p>46 chromosomes in meiosis I, 23 chromosomes in meiosis II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of meiosis does nondisjunction occur in?

<p>Both Division I and Division II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a boy having hemophilia if his mother is a heterozygous carrier and his father is unaffected?

<p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histone proteins and how does their structure relate to their function?

<p>Histone proteins help package DNA into a compact structure called a nucleosome. Their structure allows them to bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nondisjunction in Meiosis

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.

Hemophilia in Sons of Carriers

The probability is 50% for a boy to inherit hemophilia.

Hemophilia in Daughters of Carriers

The probability is 0% for a girl to inherit hemophilia, but 50% chance of being a carrier.

Color Blindness in Daughters

The probability of a daughter being color-blind is 100%.

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Color Blindness in Sons

The probability of a son being color-blind is 100%.

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Parental History and Color Blindness

The probability of a child inheriting color-blindness remains consistent, focusing on the parents' genotypes.

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Gene Distance in Centimorgans

Genes are 12 centimorgans apart.

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Role of Histone Proteins

Histone proteins package and organize DNA into chromatin.

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G1 Phase of Cell Cycle

Cell growth, normal functions, and preparation for DNA replication occur.

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G0 Phase Entry

Cells enter G0 to differentiate or when conditions are not favorable for division.

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Dominant Trait

Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles in a heterozygote.

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Are Dominant Alleles More Common?

Depends on the specific trait and population.

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Are Recessive Traits Defective?

Recessive traits can be defective or normal, depending on the specific allele.

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Using Testcross

Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive individual.

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Same Phenotype, Different Genotypes?

Individuals with the same phenotype can have different genotypes if one is homozygous dominant and the other is heterozygous.

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Same Genotype, Different Phenotypes?

The environment and other genes can affect how a genotype is expressed.

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What Does a Punnett Square Determine?

The probability of offspring inheriting particular traits.

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Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: one division, identical daughter cells; Meiosis: two divisions, genetically different daughter cells.

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Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II

Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids.

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Chromosome Count in Meiosis

In human meiosis, each phase has 23 chromosomes.

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Nondisjunction division

In both meiosis I and meiosis II.

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Boy with hemophilia

The probability of a boy having hemophilia is 0%.

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Girl with hemophilia

The probability of a girl having hemophilia is 0%.

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Girl color-blind probability

Probability of a girl being color-blind if her mother is color-blind and father is not is 0%.

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Boy color-blind probability

Probability of a boy being color-blind if his mother is color-blind and father is not is 25%.

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Histone protein role

Package DNA into a compact structure called chromatin.

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G1 phase

Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.

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Distance apart are the genes

If 12% of offspring show nonparental phenotypes, the genes are 24 centimorgans apart.

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If father has red-green colorblindness

No, it does not change the probability.

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Roles of cyclins

To regulate the progression of the cell cycle through its various stages.

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