X-Linked Genes and Inheritance

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Questions and Answers

A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia (Xá´´XÊ°) has children with a healthy man (Xá´´Y). What is the probability that they will have a daughter who is also a carrier for hemophilia?

  • 0%
  • 100%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 25%

Why are males more likely to express X-linked recessive traits, such as hemophilia, compared to females?

  • Females are more likely to be carriers, effectively diluting the expression of the recessive allele.
  • The Y chromosome in males does not carry an allele to mask the recessive allele on the X chromosome. (correct)
  • Males inherit two X chromosomes, increasing the chance of inheriting the recessive allele.
  • Males have a higher mutation rate on their X chromosome compared to females.

A healthy woman (Xá´´Xá´´) has children with a man suffering from hemophilia (XÊ°Y). What is the probability that they will have a son who suffers from hemophilia?

  • 0% (correct)
  • 50%
  • 25%
  • 100%

A color-blind woman (XᵇXᵇ) and a man with normal vision (XᴬY) have a child. What is the probability their first child will be a color-blind daughter?

<p>0% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering a gene located on the X chromosome, if a healthy male (Xá´´Y) has children, from whom did he inherit the X chromosome?

<p>His mother (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross, if both parents are homozygous for different alleles of a trait (e.g., AA x aa), what genotypic ratio would you expect in the F1 generation?

<p>All heterozygous (Aa) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A couple is planning to have children. The woman is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder, and the man does not have the disorder. What is the probability that their first son will inherit the disorder?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sex-linked traits, what does it mean for a female to be a 'carrier'?

<p>She has one copy of the recessive allele and does not express the trait, but can pass it on to her offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a genetic diagram shows a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring, assuming complete dominance?

<p>3:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are genetic diagrams useful tools in studying inheritance patterns?

<p>They provide a standardized visual representation to predict and analyze the results of genetic crosses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sex Chromosomes

Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

Gene density on X vs Y

The X chromosome carries more genes than the Y chromosome.

Origin of Male X-linked genes

In males, X-linked genes always come from their mother because they receive their Y chromosome from their father.

X-linked carrier

A woman who has one normal allele and one disease-causing allele for an X-linked gene.

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Genetic Diagram

A genetic diagram used to predict the results of a cross or analyze inheritance patterns.

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Monohybrid Cross

A cross where only one trait is considered.

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Fertilization

A sperm (male gamete) and an egg (female gamete) unite.

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Diploid

A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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Haploid

A cell containing one set of unpaired chromosomes.

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Genetic Diagrams

Standardized diagrams used to predict the results of a cross (mating between two organisms).

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Study Notes

  • X-linked genes are on the X chromosome and are present in both males and females.
  • Both males and females can inherit X-linked traits as they both carry at least one X chromosome.
  • Males only have one set of X-linked genes because they have only one X chromosome.
  • Females have two sets of X-linked genes because they have two X chromosomes.

Normal Sex Chromosome Inheritance

  • A mother passes on either an X chromosome to her child.
  • A father passes on either an X or a Y chromosome to their child.
  • A female child inherits an X chromosome from each parent.
  • A male child inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father.

X-Linked Recessive Alleles

  • A recessive disease-causing allele on the X chromosome in females can be masked by a dominant allele on the other X chromosome.
  • As males only have one X chromosome, a recessive allele on the X chromosome will be expressed in their phenotype.
  • X-linked recessive diseases are more common in males than females.

Hemophilia

  • Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder caused by a lack of a clotting factor, leading to severe bleeding.
  • Hemophilia is mainly a recessive X-linked disorder, females with one healthy allele on the other X chromosome can be carriers.
  • Most female carriers do not show symptoms because their healthy allele produces enough clotting factor.
  • Males who inherit an X chromosome with the altered allele will not produce enough clotting factor and will suffer from hemophilia.
  • The allele for a healthy clotting factor is denoted by XH, and the altered allele related to hemophilia is denoted by Xh.
  • Women can have three possible genotypes (XHXH, XHXh, XhXh) while men can have only two (XHY, XhY).

Table 11.2 Summary of Possible Genotypes and Phenotypes of Healthy Versus Hemophilic Individuals

  • A female with genotype ΧHXH has a healthy phenotype.
  • A female with genotype XHXh is a carrier of the hemophilia allele
  • A female with genotype XhXh suffers from hemophilia.
  • A male with genotype XHY has a healthy phenotype.
  • A male with genotype XhY suffers from hemophilia.
  • Hemophilia is more common in males than females.

Color Blindness

  • Color blindness is an X-linked condition characterized by the inability to distinguish certain colors.
  • Red-green color blindness: an individual cannot distinguish between reds and greens.
  • A gene on the X chromosome regulates different types of cone receptors in the retina to recognize blue, green, and red light.
  • Red-green color-blind individuals carry a recessive altered allele on the X chromosome, resulting in the production of only two types of cone receptors , instead of three. Color blindness is more common in males than females because it is X-linked.

Genetic Probabilities

  • Haploid gametes are produced through meiosis.
  • Female gametes are eggs; male gametes are sperm.
  • Fertilization: sperm and egg unite, the result is a diploid zygote.
  • Zygote carries a combination of gene alleles from the sperm and egg.
  • If a sperm carrying the IO allele fertilizes an egg carrying the IB allele, a zygote with the IOIB genotype for the ABO gene and blood group B will be produced.
  • The specific type of cross, called a monohybrid cross, will be discussed.
  • A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between two organisms in which the inheritance of only one trait is being considered.

Crosses Between Homozygous Individuals

  • Focus on the inheritance of fur color by studying a cross between two homozygous individuals.

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