X-linked Agammaglobulinemia and Common Variable Immunodeficiency
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Questions and Answers

Which immune deficiency disorder is characterized by the inability of Pro-B cells to differentiate into Pre-B cells due to lack of tyrosine kinase?

  • Hypogammaglobulinemia
  • Common variable immunodeficiency
  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia(Bruton’s) (correct)
  • Isolated IgA deficiency
  • Which immune deficiency disorder is characterized by low levels of antibodies in the blood?

  • Isolated IgA deficiency (correct)
  • Common variable immunodeficiency
  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia(Bruton’s)
  • Hyper IgM syndrome
  • Which immune deficiency disorder shows a normal level of antibodies and lymphocytes but reduced IgA in serum?

  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia(Bruton’s)
  • Common variable immunodeficiency
  • Isolated IgA deficiency (correct)
  • Hyper IgM syndrome
  • Why can a test for celiac disease show a false negative result in a person with IgA deficiency?

    <p>Low IgA level in the blood serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune deficiency disorder is associated with life-threatening anaphylaxis post blood transfusion due to the recognition of transfused IgA as foreign?

    <p>Isolated IgA deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific defect in Hyper IgM syndrome that leads to the inability of helper T cells to activate B cells and macrophages?

    <p>CD40L deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer gives rise to connective tissue, ovaries, testes, spleen, heart, blood, and kidneys?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the embryonic heart begin to beat?

    <p>Day 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure anchors the chorionic sac to the endometrium?

    <p>Cytotrophoblast shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of spinal cord development develops into white matter tracks?

    <p>Outer marginal zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is maternal-fetal circulation needed due to the diffusion of nutrients being insufficient?

    <p>Week 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure present in week 3 that is composed of an extraembryonic mesenchymal core surrounded by cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast?

    <p>Tertiary chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that becomes the anus?

    <p>Cloacal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the neural tube?

    <p>Neural folds/grooves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the allantois in early development?

    <p>Bladder development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer gives rise to the CNS, PNS, hair, teeth, and neural crest cells?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure separates the abdomen and the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Septum transversum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the closure of neuropores?

    <p>Marks the end of neurulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the cardiogenic mesoderm located?

    <p>Anterior and lateral to the notochordal process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens with the neural crest cells during neural folding?

    <p>They migrate and can become part of PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure out pouches from the causal wall of the umbilical vesicle and into the connecting stalk?

    <p>Urachus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first formation in neurulation?

    <p>The neural plate (day 19)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the known prognosis for Hyper IgM?

    <p>Not good prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main biology feature of DiGeorge syndrome?

    <p>T-cell deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 22q11 deletion syndrome diagnosed?

    <p>In childhood due to complex cardiac abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)?

    <p>Deficiency in cytokine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic defect associated with Hereditary Angioedema?

    <p>C2 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunodeficiency disorder involves accumulation of toxic deoxyadenosine?

    <p>SCID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Hereditary Angioedema?

    <p>C1 inhibitor from blood products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major feature of Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)?

    <p>Fluid buildup leading to hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical findings of Acute Otitis Media (AOM) in the tympanic membrane?

    <p>Fluid, bulging, ear pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Otitis Media have a higher incidence in children aged 0-5?

    <p>Eustachian tube anatomy in young children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is commonly associated with causing meningitis and sepsis in children?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique virulence factor of gram-negative pathogens that is released when they die?

    <p>Lipid A chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is commonly resistant to beta-lactam drugs such as penicillin and amoxicillin?

    <p>Moraxella catarrhalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the prechordal plate in embryology?

    <p>Organizing the structure of the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen contributes to 90% of the microbiota of the skin?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pyocyanin' triggers free radical accumulation and causes tissue damage in infections caused by which pathogen?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Otopathogens' are pathogens that increase the chance of ear infections. Which pathogen is considered an 'otopathogen'?

    <p>Moraxella catarrhalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of otitis externa?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

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