INORG CHEM

SODIUM

• Sodium Acetate (NaCHO3) is a diuretic and antacid, and acts as an alkalinizing agent in Benedict's solution.
• Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), also known as Baking Soda, is an antacid.
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl), or Table Salt and Rock Salt, is a condiment and oral rehydrating salt.
• Sodium Biphosphate (NaH2PO4) functions as a Fleet enema, stool softener, and urinary acidifier for Cystitis.
• Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) in anhydrous form is Soda ash, as a dihydrate is Trona, and as a decahydrate is Sal soda, Washing soda, and Soda crystals; it also acts as an antacid.
• Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), also called Caustic soda, Soda, and Lye, is a saponifying agent used in soap making.
• Sodium Hypochlorite (NaCIO), known as Dakin's solution and Chlorox, functions as a disinfectant and bleaching agent.
• Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), or Photographer's hypo, combined with sodium nitrate, is an antidote for Cyanide poisoning.
• Sodium Tartrate (NaC4H4O6) is used in the standardization of the Karl Fischer reagent.

POTASSIUM

• Potassium Chloride (KCl) is Ringer's solution and Darrow's solution, and acts as an electrolyte replenisher.
• Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4), or Mineral Chameleon, is a volumetric solution and indicator in Permanganometry, It also acts as antidote for Strychnine poisoning.
• Potassium Bitartrate (KC4H5O6), also known as Cream of Tartar and Creamor, is the only insoluble salt of Potassium.
• Potassium Ferricyanide Fe(CN)6 is a DOC

AMMONIUM AND AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

• Ammonium Ion (NH4) is prepared through the Haber-Bosch process and is a hypothetical alkali metal.
• Ammonium Chloride (NH4CI), also known as Muriate of Hartshorn and Sal ammoniac (or Salmiac), is a buffer used in zinc analysis (complexation).
• Strong Ammonia Solution (NH3)), or Stronger Ammonia Water and Spirit of Hartshorn, contains 27-31% Ammonia, used primarily in making ammonia water and is an ingredient of Aromatic spirit of Ammonia.

COPPER

• Copper is the only reddish-colored metal, is the third most malleable metal and the third best conductor of electricity, and its salts are blue in color.
• Copper occurs in the respiratory pigments hemocyanin cytochrome oxidase, acts as Protein precipitant, and enhances the absorption of Fe.

THE ALLOYS OF COPPER

• Bronze is composed of Copper, Tin, and Zinc.
• Brass is composed of Copper and Zinc.
• Gun Metal is composed of Copper and Tin.
• Sterling is composed of Copper and Silver.
• Devarda's Alloy is composed of Copper, Zinc, and Aluminium.

WILSON'S DISEASE

• Wilson's Disease is caused by copper toxicity, with symptoms of Hepatic serosis, Jaundice, Bloating, Kidney defects, Brain damage, and Demyelination. Penicillamine (Cuprimine)

COPPER SULFATE (PENTAHYDRATE)

• Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) known as Blue Vitriol and Blue Stone, is an ingredient in Fehling's solution, Benedict's solution, Barfoed's reagent, and Bordeux mixture.
• Copper Sulfate is an antidote for Phosphorous poisoning, to be used with Calcium oxide and Water.
• Copper sulfate also used to treat for vaginitis and 2% irrigate sinus; a 50% female genital tract antiseptic.

SILVER

• Silver has an oligodynamic action, inhibiting microorganisms in small concentrations.
• Argyria is silver toxicity and can be treated with NSS Normal Saline Solution, Sodium Thiosulfate (NaC4H4O6), and Potassium Ferricyanide Fe(CN)6.

SILVER PROTEINATES

• Mild Silver (Ag) is Arygol, which contains 19-25% silver, and acts as an antiseptic for the eyes.
• Strong Silver (Ag) Proteinates is Protargol, which contains 7.8-8.5% silver; it is a potent germicide for ears, throat, and bladder. Collodial Silver (Ag) is Collargol, which contains 18-22% silver, and acts as a mild antiseptic.

MAGNESIUM

• Magnesium is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation and is a metal present in chlorophyll.
• Magnesium is a component of Grignard reagent.
• Therapeutic uses of Insoluble compounds act as Gastric antacids, SO4 compound are anticonvulsants, and Conc. SO4 are employed topically topically and as anti-inflammatory; Stearate is a lubricant.
• Magnesium Oxide (MgO) is known as Calcinated magnesia, Magnesia, and Light magnesia.
• Magnesium is a component of the universal antidote; Magnesium oxide (MgO), Activated charcoal, and Tannic acid.

MAGNESIUM SULFATE

• Magnesium Sulfate or MgSO4 which is known as Epsom salt.
• It is given via PO as a Laxative and via IM as Anticonvulsant.
• It can act as an Antidote for Barium and Barbiturate toxicity

CALCIUM

• Calcium is the 2nd most abundant extracellular cation and is the cation of hydrocyapatite
• Vitamin D is needed for its absorption
• Natural sources include: Dolomite, Fluorite, and Gypsum (Selenite or Calcium sulfate), Phosphate rock

CALCIUM SULFATE

• Calcium Sulfate or CaSO4 is also known as Plaster of Paris and Gypsum
• Acts as diluent in the manufacture of compressed tablets, and used to manufacture dental impressions and surgical casts

ZINC

• Zinc is a metal present in Insulin
• Deficiency can lead to Parakeratosis
• Toxicity can lead to Metal Fume Fever
• It can countered via Sodium Bicarbonate

CADMIUM

• Cadmium can cause Itai-Itai Disease
• Cadmium toxicity is countered via BAL
• Cadmium Chloride CdCl is for treating Tinea infections
• Cadmium Sulfide CdS, also known as Yellow sulphide, is anti-seborrheic and known as Capsebon
• Cadmium Sulfate CdSO4 is an opthalmic antiseptic

MERCURY

• Mercury is a metal referred to as Hydragyrum, Quicksilver, and Liquid Silver.
• Its source is Cinnabar
• Mercury is present in thermometer and amalgams
• Minamata Disease is toxicity and it's antidote is Sodium formalde sulfoxylate (SFS), BAL and Penicillamine (Cuprimine)

BORON

• Boron toxicity can lead to "Boiled Lobster Appearance"

ALUMINUM

• Known as 'Ladd's paste'
• Aluminum is the 3rd most abundant in all elements and the most abundant in all metals
• Toxicity can lead to Shaver's Disease
• Source: Cryolite
• Uses includes: Antiperspirant deodorant, Gastric antacid but S/E may be Constipation; and as an Antiseptic

ALUM

• Otherwise referred to as 'Alumina' and is meant for treating Silicosis
• Two types: Aluminum and Potassium

THALLIUM

• Thallium Toxicity: leads to Green Tongue and Alopecia

CARBON

• Carbon has two forms: Crystalline which is Diamond or Graphite; and Amorphous

CARBON DIOXIDE

• CARBON DIOXIDE CO2 has 210 times affinity to haemoglobin and can lead to asphyxia
• Death can be prevented by supplying 100% oxygen or if giving Oxygen-helium mixture; it is essential to administer Hyperbaric oxygen

SILICON

• Silicon has Toxicity: Silicosis
• It can be treated by inhalation of Aluminum oxide Al2O3 dust

TIN

• TIN is in the manufacture of cans and utensils
• Has a Germicidal effect against Staphylococci
• Used to treat acne and furunculosis

ALLOYS OF TIN

• PEWTER: 80% Cu + 20% Sn
• GUN METAL: 90% Cu + 10% Sn
• ROSE METAL: 50% Bi+ 25% Pb + 25% Sn
• SOLDER: 50% Pb + 50% Sn

STANNOUS FLOURIDE

• STANNOUS FLOURIDE SnF2 is in crest toothpaste
• It is Anticariogenic when making an 8% solution; must be freshly prepared because it can easily oxidized

LEAD

• LEAD Toxicity: Plumbism occurs when accumulating easily in the GIT and broken skin
• It is countered with BAL, EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and Succimet

BISMUTH

• Known as 'Beautiful meadow'
• Used in silvering mirror
• Pharmacologic use: Astringent, Mucoprotectant (PUD) and as an Antiseptic

TANTALUM

• TANTALUM is used in sheet form for surgical bone repair
• It does not affect the tissues

TITANIUM

• TITANIUM OXIDE TIO2 is an Opacifying agent in capsules
• used in contact lenses
• functions as a Solar ray protective in sunblock and suntan lotion

NITROGEN

• 'without life'
• 'azote'
• 'mephitic air'
• Is a Colorless, odourless, tasteless, INERT GAS
• It is the Most abundant gas in air (71%)
• Most stable among the diatomic molecules

NITROUS OXIDE

• NITROUS OXIDE NO2 also known as 'Laughing gas'
• Must be Stored in blue container
• Functions as a General anesthetic but may S/E: cause hypoxia

OXYGEN

• Also called 'dephlogisticated air'
• Greek word: 'acid-former'

THREE ALLOTROPES

• Three forms: Nascent, Molecular, and Ozone

FIVE OFFICIAL GASES

• Nitrogen, Helium, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and Nitrous oxide

SELENIUM

• Selenium Functions as an Antioxidant
• Acts Synergistic with Vitamin E
• Functions as an Important trace element

SELENIUM SULFIDE

• SELENIUM SULFIDE SeS2 or 'Selsun blue' is used as an Antidandruff and treat Seborrheic