Inorg chem lec

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the science that describes matter -its properties -the changes it undergoes -the energy changes that accompany those processes

Chemistry

The central science

Chemistry

What is the five branches of chemistry

Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry

Hydrocarbons and its derivatives

Organic Chemistry Signup and view all the answers

Inorganic compounds, metals, minerals

Inorganic Chemistry Signup and view all the answers

Detection and identification of substances present (qualitative analysis) or amount of each substance (quantitative analysis)

Analytical Chemistry Signup and view all the answers

Processes in living organisms

Biochemistry Signup and view all the answers

Behavior of matter

Physical Chemistry Signup and view all the answers

anything that has mass and occupies space

Matter Signup and view all the answers

measure of the quantity of matter

Mass Signup and view all the answers

amount of space

Volume Signup and view all the answers

the capacity to do work or to transfer heat

Energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the types of energy?

Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy Signup and view all the answers

Energy in motion

Kinetic Energy Signup and view all the answers

Energy at rest

Potential Energy Signup and view all the answers

What are the two energy changes

Exothermic, Endothermic Signup and view all the answers

release (heat)

Exothermic Signup and view all the answers

absorb (heat)

Endothermic Signup and view all the answers

What are the states of matter?

Solid, Liquid, Gas Signup and view all the answers

-Molecules packed close together orderly -Steady -Rigid

Solids Signup and view all the answers

-Molecules are close but randomly arranged -Flows and assume shape of container -No shape

Liquids Signup and view all the answers

-Molecules are apart -Fills any container completely -Expand indefinitely -Highly compressible -High expansion

Gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the changes of state?

Deposition, Sublimation, Boiling/Evaporation, Condensation, Melting, Freezing Signup and view all the answers

Deposition changes of state

Gas - Solid Signup and view all the answers

Sublimation changes of state

Solid - Gas Signup and view all the answers

Boiling/Evaporation changes of state

Liquid - Gas Signup and view all the answers

Condensation changes of state

Gas - Liquid Signup and view all the answers

Melting changes of state

Solid - Liquid Signup and view all the answers

Freezing changes of state

Liquid - Solid Signup and view all the answers

Can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substances

Physical Properties Signup and view all the answers

Under of what properties is the color, hardness, melting point, boiling point

Physical Properties Signup and view all the answers

-exhibited by matter as it undergoes changes in -as it undergoes changes in composition

Chemical Properties Signup and view all the answers

Dependent on the amount of substance

Extensive Properties Signup and view all the answers

Mass and volume is under of what properties?

Extensive Properties Signup and view all the answers

Independent on the amount of substance

Intensive Properties Signup and view all the answers

Density, electrical conductivity, viscosity is under what properties?

Intensive Properties Signup and view all the answers

one or more substances are used up

one or more new substances are formed,

energy is absorbed or released

irreversible

Chemical Change Signup and view all the answers

What is the samples of chemical changes?

Burning of paper Signup and view all the answers

no change in chemical composition

reversible

Physical Change Signup and view all the answers

What is the sample of physical change?

Boiling of water Signup and view all the answers

Variable Composition (e.g. 70%, 80% or 95% ethanol in water)

May be separated into pure substances by physical methods (e.g. distillation, filtration)

Mixture Signup and view all the answers

Fixed composition (e.g. 100% ethanol)

Cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods

Pure Substance Signup and view all the answers

Components are not distinguishable (single phase)

Have same composition throughout (i.e. same amount in any areas)

solution

Homogeneous Mixtures Signup and view all the answers

Components are distinguishable (multiple phases)

Do not have same composition throughout (i.e. different amount in various areas)

suspension, colloids

Heterogeneous Mixtures Signup and view all the answers

Can be decomposed to simpler substance by chemical changes

consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together

organic, inorganic

Compounds Signup and view all the answers

Cannot be decomposed to simpler substance by chemical changes

Consists of only one kind of atom Elements

metal, non-metal, metalloids

Elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant air in earth?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant air?

Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant air in universe?

Hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

the smallest unit that retains the properties of an element.

Atom Signup and view all the answers

All matter is composed of atoms and these cannot be made or destroyed.

Dalton’s Theory Signup and view all the answers

Z

number of protons

determines identity

Atomic Number Signup and view all the answers

-Sum of the proton and neutron -A

Mass Number Signup and view all the answers

-Same element different masses -Same protons different neutron

Isotopes Signup and view all the answers

Represents the composition of the nucleus

Nuclide Symbol Signup and view all the answers

Three isotopes of hydrogen

Protium, Deuterium, Tritium Signup and view all the answers

Mass number minus atomic number

Neutrons Signup and view all the answers

Same mass number different atomic number

Isobars Signup and view all the answers

Same neutron different atomic numbers

Isotones Signup and view all the answers

Weighted average of the masses of its isotopes

Fraction

Atomic Weight Signup and view all the answers

Atomos means?

Uncuttable Signup and view all the answers

Said that Atom as solid indivisible sphere

500 BC

Leucippus and Democritus Signup and view all the answers

Said that Matter is made up of four elements

Aristotle and Others Signup and view all the answers

Solid sphere model

Billiard ball

1807

John Dalton Signup and view all the answers

Elements of a chemical compound are held together by electrical forces.

1800

Humphry Davy Signup and view all the answers

Relationship between the amount of electricity used in electrolysis and the amount of chemical reaction that occurs.

1832

Michael Faraday Signup and view all the answers

“Electrons" → Electric ions

1891

George Stoney Signup and view all the answers

Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment

Most convincing evidence of electrons

Plum pudding model

1897

Joseph John Thomson Signup and view all the answers

Oil-drop Experiment

Determine the charge of electrons

1909

Robert Millikan Signup and view all the answers

Saturn-like model

1903

Hantaro Nagaoka Signup and view all the answers

Canal Rays Experiment

Cathode-ray tube also generates a stream of positively charged particles

These positive rays, or positive ions, are created when the gaseous atoms in the tube lose electrons.

1886

Eugen Goldstein Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Chemistry

Chemistry studies matter, its properties, transformations, and accompanying energy changes.
Known as the central science, it connects physical sciences with life sciences.

Branches of Chemistry

Five main branches exist:
- Organic Chemistry (hydrocarbons and derivatives)
- Inorganic Chemistry (metals, minerals)
- Analytical Chemistry (qualitative analysis vs. quantitative analysis)
- Physical Chemistry (energy changes)
- Biochemistry (processes in living organisms)

Matter and Its Properties

Matter is defined as anything having mass and occupying space.
Quantity of matter is measured by mass; space occupied is described by volume.
Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Types and Changes of Energy

Energy can be categorized into:
- Kinetic Energy (energy in motion)
- Potential Energy (energy at rest)
Energy changes include:
- Heat release (exothermic)
- Heat absorption (endothermic)

States of Matter

Solid: Molecules tightly packed, orderly, rigid structure.
Liquid: Molecules close but randomly arranged, flows, assumes container shape.
Gas: Molecules widely spaced, fills container, highly compressible, expands indefinitely.

Changes of State

Changes include:
- Deposition: Gas to solid
- Sublimation: Solid to gas
- Boiling/Evaporation: Liquid to gas
- Condensation: Gas to liquid
- Melting: Solid to liquid
- Freezing: Liquid to solid

Physical vs. Chemical Properties

Physical Properties: Observable without changing substance identity (color, hardness, melting/boiling points).
- Mass and volume are dependent on substance quantity.
- Density, electrical conductivity, viscosity are independent of quantity.
Chemical Changes:
- Involve transformation into new substances; one or more substances consumed, and energy absorbed or released.
- Generally irreversible.
Physical Changes:
- Variable composition (e.g. mixing different ethanol concentrations) and reversible.
- Can be separated into pure substances using physical methods (e.g. distillation, filtration).

Mixtures and Compounds

Solutions have a uniform composition; mixtures consist of distinguishable components.
Homogeneous mixture: Same composition throughout (e.g. solutions).
Heterogeneous mixture: Varying composition (e.g. suspensions, colloids).
Compounds consist of two or more elements bonded together; cannot be separated by physical methods; examples include organic and inorganic compounds.
Elements consist of a single type of atom; categorized as metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Atmospheric Composition

Most abundant gases on Earth: Nitrogen and Oxygen.
Most abundant element in the universe: Hydrogen.

Atomic Structure

Atoms are the smallest units retaining properties of elements.
Composed of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons; dictates elemental identity.
Mass number (A) = sum of protons and neutrons; indicates isotopes.

Historical Atomic Models

Democritus proposed the concept of indivisible atoms around 500 BC.
Dalton's Billiard Ball model (1807) described atoms as solid spheres.
Faraday noted the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions (1832).
Thomson's Plum Pudding model (1897): Electrons dispersed in a positive sphere.
Rutherford's Saturn-like model explored the nuclear structure (1903).
Oil-drop experiment (1909): Determined the charge of an electron.
Canal Rays created by gaseous atoms losing electrons in a cathode-ray tube (1886).

Key Concepts from Atomic Theory

Isotopes: Atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons.
Atomistic theory evolved to include various models explaining atomic behavior and structure.

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