Inorg chem lec
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Questions and Answers

the science that describes matter -its properties -the changes it undergoes -the energy changes that accompany those processes

Chemistry

The central science

Chemistry

What is the five branches of chemistry

Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry

Hydrocarbons and its derivatives

<p>Organic Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inorganic compounds, metals, minerals

<p>Inorganic Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Detection and identification of substances present (qualitative analysis) or amount of each substance (quantitative analysis)

<p>Analytical Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Processes in living organisms

<p>Biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behavior of matter

<p>Physical Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

anything that has mass and occupies space

<p>Matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

measure of the quantity of matter

<p>Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

amount of space

<p>Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

the capacity to do work or to transfer heat

<p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the types of energy?

<p>Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy in motion

<p>Kinetic Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy at rest

<p>Potential Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two energy changes

<p>Exothermic, Endothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

release (heat)

<p>Exothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

absorb (heat)

<p>Endothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the states of matter?

<p>Solid, Liquid, Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

-Molecules packed close together orderly -Steady -Rigid

<p>Solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

-Molecules are close but randomly arranged -Flows and assume shape of container -No shape

<p>Liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

-Molecules are apart -Fills any container completely -Expand indefinitely -Highly compressible -High expansion

<p>Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the changes of state?

<p>Deposition, Sublimation, Boiling/Evaporation, Condensation, Melting, Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deposition changes of state

<p>Gas - Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sublimation changes of state

<p>Solid - Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Boiling/Evaporation changes of state

<p>Liquid - Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condensation changes of state

<p>Gas - Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melting changes of state

<p>Solid - Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freezing changes of state

<p>Liquid - Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substances

<p>Physical Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under of what properties is the color, hardness, melting point, boiling point

<p>Physical Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

-exhibited by matter as it undergoes changes in -as it undergoes changes in composition

<p>Chemical Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dependent on the amount of substance

<p>Extensive Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mass and volume is under of what properties?

<p>Extensive Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Independent on the amount of substance

<p>Intensive Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Density, electrical conductivity, viscosity is under what properties?

<p>Intensive Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • one or more substances are used up
  • one or more new substances are formed,
  • energy is absorbed or released
  • irreversible

<p>Chemical Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the samples of chemical changes?

<p>Burning of paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • no change in chemical composition
  • reversible

<p>Physical Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sample of physical change?

<p>Boiling of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Variable Composition (e.g. 70%, 80% or 95% ethanol in water)
  • May be separated into pure substances by physical methods (e.g. distillation, filtration)

<p>Mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Fixed composition (e.g. 100% ethanol)
  • Cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods

<p>Pure Substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Components are not distinguishable (single phase)
  • Have same composition throughout (i.e. same amount in any areas)
  • solution

<p>Homogeneous Mixtures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Components are distinguishable (multiple phases)

  • Do not have same composition throughout (i.e. different amount in various areas)
  • suspension, colloids

<p>Heterogeneous Mixtures</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Can be decomposed to simpler substance by chemical changes
  • consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together
  • organic, inorganic

<p>Compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Cannot be decomposed to simpler substance by chemical changes
  • Consists of only one kind of atom Elements
  • metal, non-metal, metalloids

<p>Elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant air in earth?

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant air?

<p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant air in universe?

<p>Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

the smallest unit that retains the properties of an element.

<p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • All matter is composed of atoms and these cannot be made or destroyed.

<p>Dalton’s Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Z
  • number of protons
  • determines identity

<p>Atomic Number</p> Signup and view all the answers

-Sum of the proton and neutron -A

<p>Mass Number</p> Signup and view all the answers

-Same element different masses -Same protons different neutron

<p>Isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Represents the composition of the nucleus

<p>Nuclide Symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Three isotopes of hydrogen

<p>Protium, Deuterium, Tritium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mass number minus atomic number

<p>Neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Same mass number different atomic number

<p>Isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

Same neutron different atomic numbers

<p>Isotones</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Weighted average of the masses of its isotopes
  • Fraction

<p>Atomic Weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atomos means?

<p>Uncuttable</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Said that Atom as solid indivisible sphere
  • 500 BC

<p>Leucippus and Democritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Said that Matter is made up of four elements

<p>Aristotle and Others</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Solid sphere model
  • Billiard ball
  • 1807

<p>John Dalton</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Elements of a chemical compound are held together by electrical forces.
  • 1800

<p>Humphry Davy</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Relationship between the amount of electricity used in electrolysis and the amount of chemical reaction that occurs.
  • 1832

<p>Michael Faraday</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • “Electrons" → Electric ions
  • 1891

<p>George Stoney</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment
  • Most convincing evidence of electrons
  • Plum pudding model
  • 1897

<p>Joseph John Thomson</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Oil-drop Experiment
  • Determine the charge of electrons
  • 1909

<p>Robert Millikan</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Saturn-like model
  • 1903

<p>Hantaro Nagaoka</p> Signup and view all the answers

  • Canal Rays Experiment
  • Cathode-ray tube also generates a stream of positively charged particles
  • These positive rays, or positive ions, are created when the gaseous atoms in the tube lose electrons.
  • 1886

<p>Eugen Goldstein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Chemistry

  • Chemistry studies matter, its properties, transformations, and accompanying energy changes.
  • Known as the central science, it connects physical sciences with life sciences.

Branches of Chemistry

  • Five main branches exist:
    • Organic Chemistry (hydrocarbons and derivatives)
    • Inorganic Chemistry (metals, minerals)
    • Analytical Chemistry (qualitative analysis vs. quantitative analysis)
    • Physical Chemistry (energy changes)
    • Biochemistry (processes in living organisms)

Matter and Its Properties

  • Matter is defined as anything having mass and occupying space.
  • Quantity of matter is measured by mass; space occupied is described by volume.
  • Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Types and Changes of Energy

  • Energy can be categorized into:
    • Kinetic Energy (energy in motion)
    • Potential Energy (energy at rest)
  • Energy changes include:
    • Heat release (exothermic)
    • Heat absorption (endothermic)

States of Matter

  • Solid: Molecules tightly packed, orderly, rigid structure.
  • Liquid: Molecules close but randomly arranged, flows, assumes container shape.
  • Gas: Molecules widely spaced, fills container, highly compressible, expands indefinitely.

Changes of State

  • Changes include:
    • Deposition: Gas to solid
    • Sublimation: Solid to gas
    • Boiling/Evaporation: Liquid to gas
    • Condensation: Gas to liquid
    • Melting: Solid to liquid
    • Freezing: Liquid to solid

Physical vs. Chemical Properties

  • Physical Properties: Observable without changing substance identity (color, hardness, melting/boiling points).

    • Mass and volume are dependent on substance quantity.
    • Density, electrical conductivity, viscosity are independent of quantity.
  • Chemical Changes:

    • Involve transformation into new substances; one or more substances consumed, and energy absorbed or released.
    • Generally irreversible.
  • Physical Changes:

    • Variable composition (e.g. mixing different ethanol concentrations) and reversible.
    • Can be separated into pure substances using physical methods (e.g. distillation, filtration).

Mixtures and Compounds

  • Solutions have a uniform composition; mixtures consist of distinguishable components.
  • Homogeneous mixture: Same composition throughout (e.g. solutions).
  • Heterogeneous mixture: Varying composition (e.g. suspensions, colloids).
  • Compounds consist of two or more elements bonded together; cannot be separated by physical methods; examples include organic and inorganic compounds.
  • Elements consist of a single type of atom; categorized as metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Atmospheric Composition

  • Most abundant gases on Earth: Nitrogen and Oxygen.
  • Most abundant element in the universe: Hydrogen.

Atomic Structure

  • Atoms are the smallest units retaining properties of elements.
  • Composed of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).
  • Atomic number (Z) = number of protons; dictates elemental identity.
  • Mass number (A) = sum of protons and neutrons; indicates isotopes.

Historical Atomic Models

  • Democritus proposed the concept of indivisible atoms around 500 BC.
  • Dalton's Billiard Ball model (1807) described atoms as solid spheres.
  • Faraday noted the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions (1832).
  • Thomson's Plum Pudding model (1897): Electrons dispersed in a positive sphere.
  • Rutherford's Saturn-like model explored the nuclear structure (1903).
  • Oil-drop experiment (1909): Determined the charge of an electron.
  • Canal Rays created by gaseous atoms losing electrons in a cathode-ray tube (1886).

Key Concepts from Atomic Theory

  • Isotopes: Atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons.
  • Atomistic theory evolved to include various models explaining atomic behavior and structure.

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