Wound Healing and Ageing
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of inflammation?

  • Infection
  • Tissue necrosis
  • Hypersensitivity reactions
  • Hypoxia (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of inflammation?

  • To eliminate pathogens and damaged tissue (correct)
  • To induce fibrosis
  • To cause immune reactions
  • To promote tissue necrosis

    • Which type of infection typically leads to chronic inflammation?

  • Escherichia coli infection
  • Infection by Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy) infection (correct)
  • Staphylococcus aureus infection

    • What are the main components involved in the inflammation response?

    <p>Neutrophils and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of disability in older people?

    <p>Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is responsible for voluntary movement?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate rate of decline in muscle mass after the age of 30?

    <p>5–10% per decade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and oil glands?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What declines in ageing, leading to wrinkling of the skin?

    <p>Elasticity and cell replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the progressive decrease in lens elasticity known as?

    <p>Presbyopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the risk of injury and functional dependence in older people?

    <p>Decline in muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred treatment for sarcopoenia?

    <p>Resistance training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of redness in inflammation?

    <p>Dilatation of arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of neutrophils and may lead to the formation of pus?

    <p>Acute Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

    <p>Duration and types of inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is commonly associated with Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis?

    <p>Diurnal pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood test is typically positive in Rheumatoid Arthritis?

    <p>All of the Above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of wound healing involves the replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue?

    <p>Proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of haemostasis in wound healing?

    <p>Forming a clot to limit haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) in the process of haemostasis?

    <p>Sympathetic pain receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second stage of haemostasis in response to vessel injury?

    <p>Platelet plug formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of asthma that involves the thickening and narrowing of airway walls?

    <p>Obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is usually characterized by the presence of mucus hyper-production?

    <p>Chronic Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical symptoms of inflammatory deforming polyarthritis?

    <p>Symmetrical disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main attribute of cellular senescence?

    <p>Cessation of cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomerase in relation to telomeres?

    <p>Prevents telomere shortening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common link between decreasing telomerase levels and certain diseases?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of ageing attributes it to the loss of irritability in nervous and muscular tissue?

    <p>Charles Darwin's theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of telomeres?

    <p>Repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomerase in 90% of cancer cells?

    <p>Prevents telomere shortening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor for many diseases?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change is associated with 'normal' ageing?

    <p>Decreased brain weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hormone therapy in menopause?

    <p>Alleviating symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential significance of inhibiting telomerase as a therapeutic approach in cancer treatment?

    <p>Limiting telomerase activity could contribute to the prevention of unlimited cell divisions in cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of telomere shortening with each cell division?

    <p>Leading to cellular senescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main attribute of programmed theories of ageing?

    <p>Evolutionary programmed senescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue undergoes changes in aging, including decreased solubility of collagen and increased stiffness?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes tissue stiffening in aging due to non-oxidative reactions between glucose and collagen?

    <p>Formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for all information processing and is folded into fissures and ridges?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is the largest, split into left and right hemispheres, and is divided into four lobes?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic signaling unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, axon, and dendrites, and can communicate electrochemically through synapses?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the aging brain, where do atrophic changes particularly occur?

    <p>Frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is linked to age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases?

    <p>Frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases are linked to the aging process and may make neurons/tissue more susceptible to disease?

    <p>Proteins associated with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for changes in vasculature, increased blood pressure, and the development of white matter lesions in the aging brain?

    <p>Aging process affecting molecules, cells, and vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage does the brain volume decline per decade after age 40 in the aging process?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest part of the brain, split into left and right hemispheres?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves angiogenesis and collagen deposition?

    <p>Proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body's response to injury to limit hemorrhage and involves the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Haemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fibrosis?

    <p>Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in response to severe or persistent tissue injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chronic wounds linked to?

    <p>Diabetes, infection, poor blood circulation, and incomplete healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of cystic fibrosis contributes to the clogging of airways and chronic respiratory infections?

    <p>Mucus build-up and decreased mucociliary clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the activities that occur during the maturation phase of wound healing?

    <p>Collagen realignment and removal of unnecessary cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While there is currently no cure for CF, medications can be prescribed to slow the progression of the disease. Which category of medicine is specifically designed to achieve this?

    <p>Mucolytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to excessive fibrosis, wound dehiscence, and poor remodelling?

    <p>Complications in wound repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cellular senescence affect the regenerative capacity of tissues during the aging process?

    <p>Cellular senescence inhibits tissue regeneration by preventing cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage decline in muscle mass per decade after the age of 30?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is responsible for voluntary movement?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred treatment for Sarcopoenia?

    <p>Exercise-based, specifically resistance training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contributor to disability in older people?

    <p>Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of redness in inflammation?

    <p>Increased blood flow to the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change is associated with 'normal' ageing?

    <p>Decreased elasticity of the lens in the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate decline in brain volume per decade after age 40 in the aging process?

    <p>3-5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arthritis is associated with chronic inflammation of the synovium within multiple different joints on both sides of the body?

    <p>Rheumatoid Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arthritis is primarily idiopathic, with no known specific cause, and tends to be associated with aging?

    <p>Primary Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Secondary Osteoarthritis from Primary Osteoarthritis?

    <p>Secondary Osteoarthritis is caused by previous injury to the affected joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of arthritis is associated with a skin condition, and typically involves multiple joints?

    <p>Psoriatic Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which crystal-induced arthritis is characterized by the presence of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals and is associated with an autoimmune mechanism?

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of crystal-induced arthritis is associated with calcium pyrophosphate crystals?

    <p>Pseudogout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features distinguishes septic arthritis from other forms of arthritis?

    <p>Life and limb-threatening bacterial infection in the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emergency intervention is typically required for the treatment of septic arthritis?

    <p>Antibiotics and emergent treatment by a physician, usually an orthopedic surgeon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does septic arthritis differ from crystal-induced arthritis such as gout or pseudogout?

    <p>Septic arthritis does not lead to joint destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathophysiology of Wound Healing and Ageing

    • Wound healing involves hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases.
    • Hemostasis is the body's response to injury to limit hemorrhage and involves the coagulation cascade.
    • Inflammation is the "clean-up" phase where dead cells, bacteria, and debris are cleared out.
    • Proliferation involves platelet-derived growth factors, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition.
    • Remodeling is the maturation phase where collagen is realigned, and unnecessary cells are removed.
    • Chronic wounds are linked to factors like diabetes, infection, poor blood circulation, and incomplete healing.
    • Complications in wound repair can lead to excessive fibrosis, wound dehiscence, and poor remodelling.
    • Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in response to severe or persistent tissue injury.
    • Cystic fibrosis is a disease involving chronic respiratory infections and pancreatic enzyme insufficiency.
    • The disease leads to clogging of airways due to mucus build-up and decreased mucociliary clearance.
    • Medicines like bronchodilators, antibiotics, decongestants, and mucolytics can help slow the progression of cystic fibrosis.
    • The lecture covers the impact of cellular senescence on the ageing process, theories of ageing, and age-associated conditions.

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