World History Chapter 8 Vocab

Questions and Answers

What are peninsulares?

Top of Spanish-American society, people who had been born in Spain & only ones who could hold high offices in Spanish Colonial government.

Who were the creoles?

Spaniards born in Latin America.

What defines mestizos?

Persons of mixed European & Indian ancestry.

Who are mulattos?

Persons of mixed European & African ancestry. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Simon Bolivar?

Wealthy Venezuelan creole who led the movement for independence in Latin America. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Jose de San Martin?

Argentinian creole who led the movement for independence in Latin America. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Miguel Hidalgo play in Mexico's independence?

Priest who led a movement for independence in Mexico; eventually defeated. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Jose Maria Morelos?

Led the revolution in Mexico after the defeat of Hidalgo; defeated after 4 years. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics define conservatives during this period?

Usually wealthy property owners & nobility who argued for protecting the traditional monarchs of Europe. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the liberals?

Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments. Signup and view all the answers

What do radicals believe?

Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people, believing the government should practice the ideals of the French Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is nationalism?

The belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture or history. Signup and view all the answers

Define a nation-state.

An independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the Balkans?

A region that includes all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey & former Yugoslavia. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Louis-Napoleon?

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who won the French Presidential election of 1848; four years later he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III. Signup and view all the answers

What did Alexander II aim to achieve as czar of Russia?

He wanted to move the country towards modernization & social change; declared the serfs free & gave them land under conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Define Russification.

A policy that forced Russian culture on all ethnic groups of the empire. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Camillo di Cavour?

Prime Minister of Sardinia who expanded their power, gained control of northern Italy & helped unite Italy. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?

Always wore a bright red shirt, captured Sicily & helped to unite the southern part of Italy. Signup and view all the answers

What are Junkers?

Strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Otto Von Bismarck?

Conservative Junker named Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862; master of realpolitik, expanded Prussia & unified German states. Signup and view all the answers

What does realpolitik mean?

"Politics of reality" used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Kaiser?

Emperor of the 2nd Reich of Germany. Signup and view all the answers

What is romanticism in art?

An artistic movement that reflected deep interest in both nature & in thoughts & feelings on individuals; emphasis on emotion. Signup and view all the answers

Define realism in art.

An artistic movement that tried to show life as it really was, not as it should be. Signup and view all the answers

What is impressionism?

An artistic style that tried to show an impression of a subject or moment in time. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Peninsulares: Individuals born in Spain, occupying the top tier of society, eligible for high government positions.
Creoles: Spanish descendants born in Latin America, positioned below peninsulares.
Mestizos: People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, ranking below creoles.
Mulattos: Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry, lower in the social hierarchy than mestizos.

Key Figures in Latin American Independence

Simon Bolivar: Wealthy Venezuelan creole who spearheaded the independence movement across Latin America.
Jose de San Martin: Argentinian creole who played a significant role in Latin American independence.
Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement in Mexico but was ultimately defeated.
Jose Maria Morelos: Took over leadership of the Mexican independence movement after Hidalgo's defeat and led for four years before being overthrown.

Political Ideologies

Conservatives: Typically wealthy property owners who advocated for preserving traditional monarchies in Europe.
Liberals: Middle-class leaders advocating for more power to elected parliaments, restricting voting rights to educated landowners.
Radicals: People who supported significant changes to expand democracy and uphold French revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.

National Identity Concepts

Nationalism: The belief that loyalty should be directed towards a nation sharing a common culture and history, rather than a monarch or empire.
Nation-state: An independent political entity characterized by a shared culture and identity among its people.

Geopolitical Context

Balkans: A region encompassing parts of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia, known for its complex cultural makeup.

Significant Historical Figures

Louis-Napoleon: Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected as French President in 1848, later becoming Emperor Napoleon III.
Alexander II: Russian czar who aimed for modernization, freed the serfs, but tied them back to land through debt; assassinated in 1881.
Russification: Policy aimed at imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups within the empire.

Unification Movements

Camillo di Cavour: Sardinian Prime Minister who expanded power in northern Italy and facilitated Italian unification.
Giuseppe Garibaldi: Military leader known for capturing Sicily and aiding the unification of southern Italy.

Prussian Politics

Junkers: Conservative members of Prussia's affluent landowning class.
Otto Von Bismarck: Prime Minister of Prussia, known for employing realpolitik to unify German states using "blood and iron."

Artistic Movements

Romanticism: An artistic movement emphasizing nature, emotion, and personal experiences.
Realism: Focused on depicting life accurately, often utilizing photography to capture reality.
Impressionism: Artistic style emphasizing light and color to convey fleeting moments.

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Test your knowledge of key vocabulary terms from Chapter 8 of World History. This quiz covers essential definitions related to social hierarchy in Spanish-American society, such as peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, and mulattos. Perfect for mastering the foundational concepts of colonial structures and their implications.