World History Chapter 8 Vocab

Social Hierarchy in Spanish America

• Peninsulares: Individuals born in Spain, occupying the top tier of society, eligible for high government positions.
• Creoles: Spanish descendants born in Latin America, positioned below peninsulares.
• Mestizos: People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, ranking below creoles.
• Mulattos: Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry, lower in the social hierarchy than mestizos.

Key Figures in Latin American Independence

• Simon Bolivar: Wealthy Venezuelan creole who spearheaded the independence movement across Latin America.
• Jose de San Martin: Argentinian creole who played a significant role in Latin American independence.
• Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement in Mexico but was ultimately defeated.
• Jose Maria Morelos: Took over leadership of the Mexican independence movement after Hidalgo's defeat and led for four years before being overthrown.

Political Ideologies

• Conservatives: Typically wealthy property owners who advocated for preserving traditional monarchies in Europe.
• Liberals: Middle-class leaders advocating for more power to elected parliaments, restricting voting rights to educated landowners.
• Radicals: People who supported significant changes to expand democracy and uphold French revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.

National Identity Concepts

• Nationalism: The belief that loyalty should be directed towards a nation sharing a common culture and history, rather than a monarch or empire.
• Nation-state: An independent political entity characterized by a shared culture and identity among its people.

Geopolitical Context

• Balkans: A region encompassing parts of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia, known for its complex cultural makeup.

Significant Historical Figures

• Louis-Napoleon: Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected as French President in 1848, later becoming Emperor Napoleon III.
• Alexander II: Russian czar who aimed for modernization, freed the serfs, but tied them back to land through debt; assassinated in 1881.
• Russification: Policy aimed at imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups within the empire.

Unification Movements

• Camillo di Cavour: Sardinian Prime Minister who expanded power in northern Italy and facilitated Italian unification.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi: Military leader known for capturing Sicily and aiding the unification of southern Italy.

Prussian Politics

• Junkers: Conservative members of Prussia's affluent landowning class.
• Otto Von Bismarck: Prime Minister of Prussia, known for employing realpolitik to unify German states using "blood and iron."

Artistic Movements

• Romanticism: An artistic movement emphasizing nature, emotion, and personal experiences.
• Realism: Focused on depicting life accurately, often utilizing photography to capture reality.
• Impressionism: Artistic style emphasizing light and color to convey fleeting moments.