World History Chapter 8 Vocab
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Questions and Answers

What are peninsulares?

Top of Spanish-American society, people who had been born in Spain & only ones who could hold high offices in Spanish Colonial government.

Who were the creoles?

Spaniards born in Latin America.

What defines mestizos?

Persons of mixed European & Indian ancestry.

Who are mulattos?

<p>Persons of mixed European &amp; African ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Simon Bolivar?

<p>Wealthy Venezuelan creole who led the movement for independence in Latin America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Jose de San Martin?

<p>Argentinian creole who led the movement for independence in Latin America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Miguel Hidalgo play in Mexico's independence?

<p>Priest who led a movement for independence in Mexico; eventually defeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Jose Maria Morelos?

<p>Led the revolution in Mexico after the defeat of Hidalgo; defeated after 4 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics define conservatives during this period?

<p>Usually wealthy property owners &amp; nobility who argued for protecting the traditional monarchs of Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the liberals?

<p>Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do radicals believe?

<p>Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people, believing the government should practice the ideals of the French Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nationalism?

<p>The belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture or history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a nation-state.

<p>An independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Balkans?

<p>A region that includes all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey &amp; former Yugoslavia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Louis-Napoleon?

<p>Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who won the French Presidential election of 1848; four years later he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alexander II aim to achieve as czar of Russia?

<p>He wanted to move the country towards modernization &amp; social change; declared the serfs free &amp; gave them land under conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Russification.

<p>A policy that forced Russian culture on all ethnic groups of the empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Camillo di Cavour?

<p>Prime Minister of Sardinia who expanded their power, gained control of northern Italy &amp; helped unite Italy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?

<p>Always wore a bright red shirt, captured Sicily &amp; helped to unite the southern part of Italy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Junkers?

<p>Strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Otto Von Bismarck?

<p>Conservative Junker named Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862; master of realpolitik, expanded Prussia &amp; unified German states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does realpolitik mean?

<p>&quot;Politics of reality&quot; used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Kaiser?

<p>Emperor of the 2nd Reich of Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is romanticism in art?

<p>An artistic movement that reflected deep interest in both nature &amp; in thoughts &amp; feelings on individuals; emphasis on emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define realism in art.

<p>An artistic movement that tried to show life as it really was, not as it should be.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is impressionism?

<p>An artistic style that tried to show an impression of a subject or moment in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social Hierarchy in Spanish America

  • Peninsulares: Individuals born in Spain, occupying the top tier of society, eligible for high government positions.
  • Creoles: Spanish descendants born in Latin America, positioned below peninsulares.
  • Mestizos: People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, ranking below creoles.
  • Mulattos: Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry, lower in the social hierarchy than mestizos.

Key Figures in Latin American Independence

  • Simon Bolivar: Wealthy Venezuelan creole who spearheaded the independence movement across Latin America.
  • Jose de San Martin: Argentinian creole who played a significant role in Latin American independence.
  • Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement in Mexico but was ultimately defeated.
  • Jose Maria Morelos: Took over leadership of the Mexican independence movement after Hidalgo's defeat and led for four years before being overthrown.

Political Ideologies

  • Conservatives: Typically wealthy property owners who advocated for preserving traditional monarchies in Europe.
  • Liberals: Middle-class leaders advocating for more power to elected parliaments, restricting voting rights to educated landowners.
  • Radicals: People who supported significant changes to expand democracy and uphold French revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.

National Identity Concepts

  • Nationalism: The belief that loyalty should be directed towards a nation sharing a common culture and history, rather than a monarch or empire.
  • Nation-state: An independent political entity characterized by a shared culture and identity among its people.

Geopolitical Context

  • Balkans: A region encompassing parts of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia, known for its complex cultural makeup.

Significant Historical Figures

  • Louis-Napoleon: Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected as French President in 1848, later becoming Emperor Napoleon III.
  • Alexander II: Russian czar who aimed for modernization, freed the serfs, but tied them back to land through debt; assassinated in 1881.
  • Russification: Policy aimed at imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups within the empire.

Unification Movements

  • Camillo di Cavour: Sardinian Prime Minister who expanded power in northern Italy and facilitated Italian unification.
  • Giuseppe Garibaldi: Military leader known for capturing Sicily and aiding the unification of southern Italy.

Prussian Politics

  • Junkers: Conservative members of Prussia's affluent landowning class.
  • Otto Von Bismarck: Prime Minister of Prussia, known for employing realpolitik to unify German states using "blood and iron."

Artistic Movements

  • Romanticism: An artistic movement emphasizing nature, emotion, and personal experiences.
  • Realism: Focused on depicting life accurately, often utilizing photography to capture reality.
  • Impressionism: Artistic style emphasizing light and color to convey fleeting moments.

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Test your knowledge of key vocabulary terms from Chapter 8 of World History. This quiz covers essential definitions related to social hierarchy in Spanish-American society, such as peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, and mulattos. Perfect for mastering the foundational concepts of colonial structures and their implications.

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