Questions and Answers
What are peninsulares?
Top of Spanish-American society, people who had been born in Spain & only ones who could hold high offices in Spanish Colonial government.
Who were the creoles?
Spaniards born in Latin America.
What defines mestizos?
Persons of mixed European & Indian ancestry.
Who are mulattos?
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Who was Simon Bolivar?
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Who is Jose de San Martin?
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What role did Miguel Hidalgo play in Mexico's independence?
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Who was Jose Maria Morelos?
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What characteristics define conservatives during this period?
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Who were the liberals?
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What do radicals believe?
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What is nationalism?
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Define a nation-state.
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What are the Balkans?
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Who was Louis-Napoleon?
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What did Alexander II aim to achieve as czar of Russia?
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Define Russification.
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Who was Camillo di Cavour?
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Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
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What are Junkers?
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Who was Otto Von Bismarck?
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What does realpolitik mean?
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What is a Kaiser?
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What is romanticism in art?
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Define realism in art.
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What is impressionism?
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Study Notes
Social Hierarchy in Spanish America
- Peninsulares: Individuals born in Spain, occupying the top tier of society, eligible for high government positions.
- Creoles: Spanish descendants born in Latin America, positioned below peninsulares.
- Mestizos: People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, ranking below creoles.
- Mulattos: Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry, lower in the social hierarchy than mestizos.
Key Figures in Latin American Independence
- Simon Bolivar: Wealthy Venezuelan creole who spearheaded the independence movement across Latin America.
- Jose de San Martin: Argentinian creole who played a significant role in Latin American independence.
- Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement in Mexico but was ultimately defeated.
- Jose Maria Morelos: Took over leadership of the Mexican independence movement after Hidalgo's defeat and led for four years before being overthrown.
Political Ideologies
- Conservatives: Typically wealthy property owners who advocated for preserving traditional monarchies in Europe.
- Liberals: Middle-class leaders advocating for more power to elected parliaments, restricting voting rights to educated landowners.
- Radicals: People who supported significant changes to expand democracy and uphold French revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
National Identity Concepts
- Nationalism: The belief that loyalty should be directed towards a nation sharing a common culture and history, rather than a monarch or empire.
- Nation-state: An independent political entity characterized by a shared culture and identity among its people.
Geopolitical Context
- Balkans: A region encompassing parts of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia, known for its complex cultural makeup.
Significant Historical Figures
- Louis-Napoleon: Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected as French President in 1848, later becoming Emperor Napoleon III.
- Alexander II: Russian czar who aimed for modernization, freed the serfs, but tied them back to land through debt; assassinated in 1881.
- Russification: Policy aimed at imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups within the empire.
Unification Movements
- Camillo di Cavour: Sardinian Prime Minister who expanded power in northern Italy and facilitated Italian unification.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi: Military leader known for capturing Sicily and aiding the unification of southern Italy.
Prussian Politics
- Junkers: Conservative members of Prussia's affluent landowning class.
- Otto Von Bismarck: Prime Minister of Prussia, known for employing realpolitik to unify German states using "blood and iron."
Artistic Movements
- Romanticism: An artistic movement emphasizing nature, emotion, and personal experiences.
- Realism: Focused on depicting life accurately, often utilizing photography to capture reality.
- Impressionism: Artistic style emphasizing light and color to convey fleeting moments.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key vocabulary terms from Chapter 8 of World History. This quiz covers essential definitions related to social hierarchy in Spanish-American society, such as peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, and mulattos. Perfect for mastering the foundational concepts of colonial structures and their implications.