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Questions and Answers
What are peninsulares?
What are peninsulares?
Top of Spanish-American society, people who had been born in Spain & only ones who could hold high offices in Spanish Colonial government.
Who were the creoles?
Who were the creoles?
Spaniards born in Latin America.
What defines mestizos?
What defines mestizos?
Persons of mixed European & Indian ancestry.
Who are mulattos?
Who are mulattos?
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Who was Simon Bolivar?
Who was Simon Bolivar?
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Who is Jose de San Martin?
Who is Jose de San Martin?
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What role did Miguel Hidalgo play in Mexico's independence?
What role did Miguel Hidalgo play in Mexico's independence?
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Who was Jose Maria Morelos?
Who was Jose Maria Morelos?
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What characteristics define conservatives during this period?
What characteristics define conservatives during this period?
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Who were the liberals?
Who were the liberals?
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What do radicals believe?
What do radicals believe?
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What is nationalism?
What is nationalism?
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Define a nation-state.
Define a nation-state.
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What are the Balkans?
What are the Balkans?
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Who was Louis-Napoleon?
Who was Louis-Napoleon?
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What did Alexander II aim to achieve as czar of Russia?
What did Alexander II aim to achieve as czar of Russia?
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Define Russification.
Define Russification.
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Who was Camillo di Cavour?
Who was Camillo di Cavour?
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Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
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What are Junkers?
What are Junkers?
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Who was Otto Von Bismarck?
Who was Otto Von Bismarck?
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What does realpolitik mean?
What does realpolitik mean?
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What is a Kaiser?
What is a Kaiser?
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What is romanticism in art?
What is romanticism in art?
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Define realism in art.
Define realism in art.
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What is impressionism?
What is impressionism?
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Study Notes
Social Hierarchy in Spanish America
- Peninsulares: Individuals born in Spain, occupying the top tier of society, eligible for high government positions.
- Creoles: Spanish descendants born in Latin America, positioned below peninsulares.
- Mestizos: People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, ranking below creoles.
- Mulattos: Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry, lower in the social hierarchy than mestizos.
Key Figures in Latin American Independence
- Simon Bolivar: Wealthy Venezuelan creole who spearheaded the independence movement across Latin America.
- Jose de San Martin: Argentinian creole who played a significant role in Latin American independence.
- Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement in Mexico but was ultimately defeated.
- Jose Maria Morelos: Took over leadership of the Mexican independence movement after Hidalgo's defeat and led for four years before being overthrown.
Political Ideologies
- Conservatives: Typically wealthy property owners who advocated for preserving traditional monarchies in Europe.
- Liberals: Middle-class leaders advocating for more power to elected parliaments, restricting voting rights to educated landowners.
- Radicals: People who supported significant changes to expand democracy and uphold French revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
National Identity Concepts
- Nationalism: The belief that loyalty should be directed towards a nation sharing a common culture and history, rather than a monarch or empire.
- Nation-state: An independent political entity characterized by a shared culture and identity among its people.
Geopolitical Context
- Balkans: A region encompassing parts of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia, known for its complex cultural makeup.
Significant Historical Figures
- Louis-Napoleon: Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected as French President in 1848, later becoming Emperor Napoleon III.
- Alexander II: Russian czar who aimed for modernization, freed the serfs, but tied them back to land through debt; assassinated in 1881.
- Russification: Policy aimed at imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups within the empire.
Unification Movements
- Camillo di Cavour: Sardinian Prime Minister who expanded power in northern Italy and facilitated Italian unification.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi: Military leader known for capturing Sicily and aiding the unification of southern Italy.
Prussian Politics
- Junkers: Conservative members of Prussia's affluent landowning class.
- Otto Von Bismarck: Prime Minister of Prussia, known for employing realpolitik to unify German states using "blood and iron."
Artistic Movements
- Romanticism: An artistic movement emphasizing nature, emotion, and personal experiences.
- Realism: Focused on depicting life accurately, often utilizing photography to capture reality.
- Impressionism: Artistic style emphasizing light and color to convey fleeting moments.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key vocabulary terms from Chapter 8 of World History. This quiz covers essential definitions related to social hierarchy in Spanish-American society, such as peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, and mulattos. Perfect for mastering the foundational concepts of colonial structures and their implications.