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Questions and Answers
What is an advantage of using capsules as a dosage form?
What is an advantage of using capsules as a dosage form?
Which dosage form is described as a process of particle size enlargement?
Which dosage form is described as a process of particle size enlargement?
What type of capsule is specifically designed for oils?
What type of capsule is specifically designed for oils?
Which of the following is NOT a solid dosage form?
Which of the following is NOT a solid dosage form?
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Which of the following statements is true about tablets as a dosage form?
Which of the following statements is true about tablets as a dosage form?
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Which type of powder is primarily intended for external use?
Which type of powder is primarily intended for external use?
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What defines a gastro-resistant capsule?
What defines a gastro-resistant capsule?
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Which of the following is considered a limitation of using tablets?
Which of the following is considered a limitation of using tablets?
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What is primarily compared to determine if two drugs are bioequivalent?
What is primarily compared to determine if two drugs are bioequivalent?
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Which of the following routes of administration is classified as local?
Which of the following routes of administration is classified as local?
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Which aspect of a generic drug might differ from its reference product?
Which aspect of a generic drug might differ from its reference product?
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What does the term 'INN' refer to in the context of generic drugs?
What does the term 'INN' refer to in the context of generic drugs?
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What is a primary disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?
What is a primary disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?
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Which of the following statements about generic drugs is true?
Which of the following statements about generic drugs is true?
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Which route of administration avoids the first-pass effect?
Which route of administration avoids the first-pass effect?
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For which situation should oral drug administration be avoided?
For which situation should oral drug administration be avoided?
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What does AUC stand for in pharmacokinetic profiling?
What does AUC stand for in pharmacokinetic profiling?
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What characterizes the onset of action for the sublingual route of administration?
What characterizes the onset of action for the sublingual route of administration?
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Generic drugs can differ slightly in which aspect related to their formulation?
Generic drugs can differ slightly in which aspect related to their formulation?
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Which factor is NOT typically considered in choosing a route of administration?
Which factor is NOT typically considered in choosing a route of administration?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a reference product?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a reference product?
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Which dosage form is appropriate for sublingual administration?
Which dosage form is appropriate for sublingual administration?
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Why is it important to know the inactive ingredients in generic drugs?
Why is it important to know the inactive ingredients in generic drugs?
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What is a common characteristic of systemic routes of administration?
What is a common characteristic of systemic routes of administration?
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Which statement accurately describes the purpose of coated tablets?
Which statement accurately describes the purpose of coated tablets?
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What is a characteristic of delayed-release tablets?
What is a characteristic of delayed-release tablets?
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Why are sublingual and buccal tablets favored for certain medications?
Why are sublingual and buccal tablets favored for certain medications?
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What distinguishes effervescent tablets from other uncoated tablets?
What distinguishes effervescent tablets from other uncoated tablets?
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What is the primary use for multilayer tablets?
What is the primary use for multilayer tablets?
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What is a significant advantage of rectal suppositories?
What is a significant advantage of rectal suppositories?
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Chewable tablets are primarily designed for which of the following reasons?
Chewable tablets are primarily designed for which of the following reasons?
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How do lozenges work to provide relief for irritated throat tissues?
How do lozenges work to provide relief for irritated throat tissues?
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What is the primary purpose of vaginal suppositories?
What is the primary purpose of vaginal suppositories?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of ointments?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of ointments?
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What distinguishes creams from other semi-solid dosage forms?
What distinguishes creams from other semi-solid dosage forms?
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Which type of cream contains small droplets of oil in a continuous aqueous phase?
Which type of cream contains small droplets of oil in a continuous aqueous phase?
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What is a defining feature of gels compared to other semi-solid forms?
What is a defining feature of gels compared to other semi-solid forms?
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Which semi-solid dosage form serves as a good protective barrier over the skin?
Which semi-solid dosage form serves as a good protective barrier over the skin?
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Which of the following is NOT commonly included in vaginal pessaries?
Which of the following is NOT commonly included in vaginal pessaries?
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What type of dosage form is triacetonide dental paste categorized as?
What type of dosage form is triacetonide dental paste categorized as?
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What is a significant advantage of rectal administration compared to the oral route?
What is a significant advantage of rectal administration compared to the oral route?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of rectal administration?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of rectal administration?
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Which type of medication is commonly administered rectally for treatment of status epilepticus in children?
Which type of medication is commonly administered rectally for treatment of status epilepticus in children?
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What is the primary characteristic of parenterally administered drugs compared to enteral routes?
What is the primary characteristic of parenterally administered drugs compared to enteral routes?
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Which route of administration allows for immediate drug action?
Which route of administration allows for immediate drug action?
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Why are drugs administered via the subcutaneous route generally absorbed more slowly than those given intramuscularly?
Why are drugs administered via the subcutaneous route generally absorbed more slowly than those given intramuscularly?
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Which of the following routes can administer the largest volume of medication at one site?
Which of the following routes can administer the largest volume of medication at one site?
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What is true about the absorption of drugs through the rectal route?
What is true about the absorption of drugs through the rectal route?
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Study Notes
Workshop 2: Pharmaceutical Forms
- Topic is pharmaceutical forms, in III Medicine, academic year 2024/2025, presented by Vittoria Carrabs PhD.
- Key topics include generic drugs, dosage forms, routes of administration, and symbols/abbreviations.
1. Generic Drugs
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are the medicinal components.
- Excipients are inactive pharmaceutical ingredients that assist with the drug's production, stability, and administration.
- Excipients improve solubility, stabilize, preserve, thicken, dilute, emulsify, add color, and/or flavor.
- Bioavailability (BA) measures the rate and extent of active ingredient absorption into the body.
- Rate refers to how swiftly the drug reaches its maximum blood concentration (Cmax).
- Extent refers to the total amount of the drug entering the bloodstream (AUC - Area under the Curve).
- Pharmaceutical equivalents have the same active ingredients, dosage form, route of administration, and dosage.
- Pharmaceutical alternatives have the same therapeutic moiety but different salts, esters, or complexes. They may have different dosage forms, strengths, and/or excipients.
- Bioequivalence ensures that generic drugs have similar bioavailability and efficacy as the reference product.
- Reference Product (INN*): A drug product which is identical or bioequivalent to a Brand/Reference drug in its active ingredients, route of administration, dosage form, and strength.
- Reference products may be differentiated by inactive ingredients, color, and shape.
- Almost half of the drugs in the market have Generics (E.F.G).
2. Dosage Forms
- Classification is based on route of administration (e.g., Oral, Topical, Rectal) and physical form (e.g., Solid, Semisolid, Liquid).
-
Solid dosage forms:
- Powder: a mixture of dry, finely divided drugs. (External use: Dusting powders (talc, zinc stearate); Internal use: Effervescent powders, Insufflations (inhalers), dentifrice, oral powders).
- Granule: small particles or grains.
- Granulation is a process of particle size enlargement.
- Capsule: medication in gelatin containers (Advantage: Masks taste, good stability, bioavailability. Disadvantage: Swallowing issues). Includes hard capsules (dry/powdered ingredients) soft capsules (used for oils).
- Tablet: compressed medication (uncoated or coated)(coated protect from air, moisture, light.) Includes delayed-release, sublingual/buccal, multi-layer and chewable tablets. Effervescent tablets contain acids/carbonates that release CO2 when dissolved.
- Pill: small, round solid dosage forms.
- Suppository: solid dosage form inserted into body orifices to melt/soften/dissolve at body temperature. Includes Rectal suppositories (mechanical, local, or systemic). Vaginal suppositories (pessaries).
-
Semisolid dosage forms:
- Ointment: semi-solid, greasy preparation. Used locally (emollient).
- Paste: basically ointment with high percentage of insoluble solid. Acts as barrier.
- Cream: viscous emulsion of oil and water. (A- oil-in-water, B- water-in-oil).
- Gel: semi-solid system with liquid constrained within a 3-D matrix.
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Liquid dosage forms:
- Solution: one or more active ingredients completely dissolved.
- Suspension: solid particles dispersed in a liquid.
- Emulsion: stabilized oil-in-water dispersions.
- Syrup: saturated sugar solution.
- Elixir: sweetened hydroalcoholic solution. Liniments: alcoholic/oily liquid for skin application.
- Injection: solution/emulsion/suspension in sterile and pyrogen-free vehicle for parenteral administration. (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous).
3. Routes of Administration
- Systemic: drugs move throughout the body via bloodstream. Includes parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation), transdermal, and topical.
- Local: drugs deliver their action directly at the site of administration. Includes intranasal, intradermal, vaginal, and topical.
-Factors to consider when choosing a route are the drug's properties, desired onset of action, convenience, and cost.
-
Enteral Routes:
- Oral (po): oral administration
- Sublingual: under the tongue
- Rectal: inserted into the rectum. Includes enemas.
-
Parenteral Routes:
- Intravenous (IV)
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Subcutaneous (SC)
- Inhalation
- Transdermal (patch)
- Topical
- Topical Routes: include dermatological, ophthalmic, otic, nasal, dental and throat, and vaginal applications.
4. Symbols and Abbreviations
- Information on storage temperature, shelf life, prescription requirements, and special handling procedures is denoted by symbols and abbreviations. Some examples of abbreviation include: EFP, OTC, H/DH, TLD, ECM
- symbols indicate potential hazards (e.g., warning for driving impairment, photosensitivity.)
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Description
This quiz focuses on pharmaceuticals, covering key areas such as generic drugs, dosage forms, routes of administration, and industry-specific symbols and abbreviations. Presented by Dr. Vittoria Carrabs, it aims to enhance your understanding of pharmaceutical components and their applications in medicine.
