Working Memory Concepts and Measurement

False (B)

To measure a person's capacity to remember increasingly long sequences of items.

<p>intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phonological Loop = Digit Span Visuospatial Sketchpad = Tapping black squares Central Executive = Complex problem-solving tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resolving complex arithmetical problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding articulated concepts while studying and resolving complex arithmetical problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simultaneous memory and arithmetic operation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit and implicit memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>procedural memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit memory = Verbal and conscious retrieval of information Implicit memory = Non-verbal retrieval process Procedural memory = Automatic retrieval of skills Priming = Facilitated retrieval after encountering a related stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning to ride a bike (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eagle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To elicit false memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects the immediate answer and long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Family resemblance theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>not possess many</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>theme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DRM paradigm = Technique to elicit false memory Critical lure = Word not presented but related to the theme Misinformation effect = Incorporating external information into memory Eyewitness testimony = Memory influenced by questioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mistakenly remembering a stop sign after being asked about a yield sign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laying eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Misinformation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robin = Very typical Eagle = Typical Chicken = Less typical Penguin = Not typical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They correspond to specific events and are crucial for survival. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) = Non-invasive technique measuring electrical activity Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) = Non-invasive technique examining blood flow Lesioning = Invasive technique involving damage to brain tissue Hormone administration = Invasive technique manipulating hormonal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It studies brain structures and their role in generating emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides biologically based treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limitations in human reasoning and judgment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formal validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bounded rationality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive reasoning = Starts from general principles to specific conclusions Inductive reasoning = Starts from specific observations to general conclusions Heuristics = Mental shortcuts in judgment Biases = Systematic errors in reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent and predictable biases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substantial expertise and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cognitive system that holds information for short periods and allows us to manipulate that information, essential for reasoning, problem-solving and decision making.

A test that measures central executive function by requiring participants to remember a series of digits while simultaneously performing simple arithmetic operations.

A memory system that stores vast amounts of information for extended periods, potentially a lifetime, with unlimited capacity.

A type of long-term memory that involves conscious retrieval of facts, events, and personal experiences.

A type of long-term memory that involves unconscious retrieval of learned skills, habits, and procedures.

A type of implicit memory involving the retrieval of well-learned procedures that become automatic and effortless, like tying your shoes or riding a bike.

A type of implicit memory where exposure to a stimulus unconsciously facilitates the processing of related stimuli, making you respond faster or more likely to think of certain items.

The process of accessing and bringing to mind information stored in long-term memory.

A part of working memory that allows you to hold and manipulate visual and spatial information. It's like a mental whiteboard where you can draw, rotate, and visualize objects.

Part of working memory that deals with verbal information, including holding and rehearsing sounds and words. It's like an inner voice that keeps repeating information to keep it fresh in your memory.

The ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information in your mind. It's crucial for understanding new concepts, problem-solving, and other cognitive tasks.

A method for assessing working memory capacity, involving remembering increasingly longer sequences of items until the individual cannot recall them correctly.

A subtest in the Wechsler intelligence scales used to assess working memory capacity, specifically the phonological loop, by requiring individuals to recall sequences of spoken digits.

A test used to assess the visuospatial sketchpad, involving remembering and then re-creating a pattern of black squares on a grid.

The amount of information that can be held in working memory at any given time. It is influenced by factors such as age, attention, and stress.

A technique used in lab settings to study how people form false memories. It involves presenting a list of words related to a common theme, but omitting the theme word itself. Later, participants often falsely recall the theme word, even though it wasn't presented.

A specific word that represents the common theme of a word list in the DRM paradigm. It is not actually presented, but often falsely recalled.

The human tendency to incorporate external information and subtle cues from the environment into our memories. This can lead to distortion and inaccuracies.

A phenomenon where the wording of questions can influence both immediate answers and long-term memories of an event. This illustrates the effect of misinformation on memory.

The impact of the specific language used during questioning on an eyewitness's memory and their subsequent recollection of an event. For example, using terms like "smash" vs. "collided" can lead to different estimates of speed and even false memories of broken glass.

Adding extraneous details to a question or interrogative statement that are not directly relevant to the event being recalled. This can lead to false memories of these details during subsequent recall.

The tendency to falsely remember seeing a specific object or detail after repeated questioning or exposure to suggestions that it was present. This is particularly problematic when it relates to the type of object mentioned in the question.

A concept describing how human memory is not a perfect recording device, but rather a reconstructive process that is shaped by prior knowledge, experiences, and external influences.

A mental process that starts with general principles assumed to be true and uses logical inference to reach a specific conclusion.

Two premises (statements taken as true) and a conclusion that follows logically from them.

A syllogism is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

Cognitive limitations that prevent humans from always making perfectly rational choices. This includes limited processing capacity and susceptibility to biases.

Systematic errors in reasoning and judgment that arise from cognitive biases and heuristics.

The idea that not all members of a category are equally representative, some are more typical than others.

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to simplify decision-making, often based on past experience or intuition.

A feature present in most members of a category, but not necessarily in all members.

A task designed to test deductive reasoning abilities, where participants must identify cards to be turned over based on a rule.

A category member that possesses many features shared by most other members of the same category and few features that are common in other categories.

A version of the Wason Selection Task that uses a more realistic scenario, making it easier for people to understand the rules and apply deductive reasoning.

A category member that does not possess many features that are shared with most other members of the same category.

A feature that is essential for being a member of a category, even if it doesn't define typicality.

A feature that helps define the typicality of a category, even if it's not a necessary feature. It is shared by most members of the category and not common in other categories.

The concept that mental categories are not always clearly defined and rely on fuzzy boundaries.

A category member that is located at the boundary of a category, making it unclear if it truly belongs.

Theories proposing that a limited set of basic emotions are fundamental to human emotional experience, forming the basis for all other emotions.

The idea that basic emotions are present across all species, contributing to individual survival.

Emotions are complex experiences involving physical changes, psychological states, and behavioral responses.

A field of neuroscience that investigates the brain mechanisms underlying emotions.

Emotions are influenced by both biological and environmental factors and vary in complexity across species.

The branch of neuroscience that studies the brain, emotions, and behavior using non-invasive methods in humans.

Non-human animal research helps understand human emotions and brain mechanisms, as animal brains share some similarities with human brains.

Research methods such as electrode implantation, lesioning, and hormone administration are commonly used in non-human animal studies.