Word Recognition in Reading Psychology

<p>Readers inferred sentences faster when the goal was present (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General knowledge stored in long-term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assisted in recall by providing a framework (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporal consistency of narrative elements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scripts outline sequences of actions, frames detail objects and items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased difficulty in reading and remembering the text (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensorimotor experiences from real life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shorter words are recognized faster than longer words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measure reaction times and accuracy to study how quickly the brain identifies a word as valid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances recognition speed for words related to the prime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words with orthographically similar spellings are recognized faster. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The logogen model. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decision making on membership within a category. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predictable context enhances recognition speed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words with similar sounds can be recognized faster. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The color of the text. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not explain the word superiority effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct lexical route (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The flexibility of cognitive processing in reading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most recent clause or phrase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Word frequency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparison of literal and context meanings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface Dyslexia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires fewer cognitive resources for familiar nonliteral meanings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fails under rigid letter-order coding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constraint satisfaction theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speaker's intonation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between word frequency and recognition speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The target word follows a semantically related word (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recognition of letters in isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher word frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It defines the activation of recognition units to meet a threshold. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words with related sounds enhance activation of recognition units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relates to the quicker recognition of words with similar spelling patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The time it takes to recognize a word, measured by the time spent looking at the word with an eye tracker. Longer time indicates more cognitive processing and more difficulty in recognizing the word.

A task where participants read words aloud, and the time from word appearance to speaking is measured. Slower response times indicate difficulty in recognizing the word.

A task where participants decide if a string of letters is a word or not. Faster responses for words like 'table' and slower times for non-words like 'zjuybb'.

The effect of a preceding word on the recognition of a target word. If the preceding word is semantically related to the target word, the target word is recognized faster.

A variation of the lexical decision task where participants must decide quickly if a word belongs to a specific category.

Shorter words are recognized faster than longer words.

More common words are recognized faster than less common words.

The effect of the surrounding context on word recognition. Words relevant to the context are recognized faster.

Words with similar spellings are recognized faster, e.g., 'tank' is recognized faster because of similar words like 'sank', 'dank,' 'talk', 'rank'.

Words with similar sounds are recognized faster, e.g., 'cheap' is recognized faster because it sounds similar to 'chip', 'chop', and 'cheese'.

A mental model of how we recognize words, involving layers with nodes and connections.

Reading words effortlessly, even if there are minor typos, due to the overall context.

The direct connection between a visually presented word and its meaning.

The process of converting letters to sounds, then combining sounds to arrive at a word's meaning.

Analyzing how sentences are structured to comprehend their intended meaning.

The study of how context colors the meaning of words.

A sentence with two or more possible interpretations.

The preference for attaching new information to the most recent clause or phrase.

A model of sentence processing that prioritizes the interpretation with the fewest nodes in a sentence tree.

Utilizing various sources of information, like context and prior knowledge, to resolve ambiguity in sentences.

The process of understanding and integrating larger amounts of text or speech, going beyond individual sentences.

Inferences made based solely on the meaning of the words themselves, without relying on prior knowledge.

Inferences that fill in gaps between two separate pieces of information, making the text flow smoothly.

Inferences that add extra details not essential for understanding, enriching the mental model.

A theory proposing that readers/listeners automatically construct detailed mental models and make inferences, even without conscious effort.

A theory suggesting that inference making is influenced by a reader's goals and intentions rather than being automatic.

General knowledge stored in long-term memory, representing concepts about items, objects, and events.

A type of schema that represents knowledge about objects and their attributes, like a blueprint for understanding things.

A type of schema that represents knowledge about the sequence of actions in a typical event, like a script for a familiar situation.

A system for tracking information related to protagonists, time, causality, location, and intentions in a text.

A model of word recognition proposing that each word has a recognition unit which receives auditory and visual information. Recognition occurs when input activates the unit above a threshold. Higher frequency words have lower thresholds, explaining why they are recognized faster.

Nonliteral meaning is accessed directly without considering literal meaning. So processing ironic sentences is not required.

Nonliteral meanings have to be processed longer. The literal meaning is first retrieved, then see whether it is incongruent with the context, the non-literal meaning is retrieved.

Familiar nonliteral meanings are accessed directly (like Direct Access View). Unfamiliar nonliteral meanings require literal interpretation before the ironic meaning is retrieved (like the Standard Pragmatic View).

The brain uses mental simulations to make sense of what we read or hear. Actively reconstruct the sensory and motor experience of what we are reading.