Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of inference is used to clarify the connection between two separate pieces of information?
What type of inference is used to clarify the connection between two separate pieces of information?
According to the constructionist approach, how do readers or listeners make inferences?
According to the constructionist approach, how do readers or listeners make inferences?
What was the key finding from Calvo et al. (2006) regarding inference-making?
What was the key finding from Calvo et al. (2006) regarding inference-making?
Which finding supports the minimalist hypothesis in inference-making?
Which finding supports the minimalist hypothesis in inference-making?
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What are schemas according to Schank & Abelson (1977)?
What are schemas according to Schank & Abelson (1977)?
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In the study by Bransford & Johnson (1972), how did titles affect comprehension and recall?
In the study by Bransford & Johnson (1972), how did titles affect comprehension and recall?
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What aspect of discourse processing does event indexing focus on?
What aspect of discourse processing does event indexing focus on?
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How do frames and scripts differ in the context of schemas?
How do frames and scripts differ in the context of schemas?
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What effect did mismatched indexes have in the study by Claus & Kelter (2006)?
What effect did mismatched indexes have in the study by Claus & Kelter (2006)?
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What do experimental representations activate during reading according to Barsalou (2008)?
What do experimental representations activate during reading according to Barsalou (2008)?
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What prediction can be made about word recognition based on word length?
What prediction can be made about word recognition based on word length?
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Which statement is true concerning lexical decision tasks?
Which statement is true concerning lexical decision tasks?
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What is the significance of semantic priming in word recognition?
What is the significance of semantic priming in word recognition?
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In the context of word recognition, what does the orthographic neighbourhood effect imply?
In the context of word recognition, what does the orthographic neighbourhood effect imply?
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Which model of word recognition explains the effect of word frequency on recognition speed?
Which model of word recognition explains the effect of word frequency on recognition speed?
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What does the category decision task primarily measure?
What does the category decision task primarily measure?
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According to the findings of Tulving and Gold, how does context affect word recognition?
According to the findings of Tulving and Gold, how does context affect word recognition?
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What is a characteristic of the phonological neighbourhood effect?
What is a characteristic of the phonological neighbourhood effect?
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Which factor does not affect word recognition speed?
Which factor does not affect word recognition speed?
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What limitation is noted about the logogen model?
What limitation is noted about the logogen model?
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Which pathway in the Dual Route model directly connects visually presented words to their meanings?
Which pathway in the Dual Route model directly connects visually presented words to their meanings?
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What aspect does the transposed letter effect highlight about reading?
What aspect does the transposed letter effect highlight about reading?
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Which model emphasizes the preference for the interpretation with the least number of nodes in a sentence tree?
Which model emphasizes the preference for the interpretation with the least number of nodes in a sentence tree?
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In processing ambiguous sentences, what does the late closure model prioritize?
In processing ambiguous sentences, what does the late closure model prioritize?
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What factor is NOT utilized in constraint satisfaction theory during sentence processing?
What factor is NOT utilized in constraint satisfaction theory during sentence processing?
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According to the Standard Pragmatic view, what initial process is involved in interpreting irony?
According to the Standard Pragmatic view, what initial process is involved in interpreting irony?
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Which type of dyslexia is characterized by difficulty reading irregular words, such as 'yacht'?
Which type of dyslexia is characterized by difficulty reading irregular words, such as 'yacht'?
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What is a defining feature of the Graded Salience view regarding figurative language processing?
What is a defining feature of the Graded Salience view regarding figurative language processing?
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What limitation does the Interactive Activation Model (IAM) face regarding the explanation of the transposed letter effect?
What limitation does the Interactive Activation Model (IAM) face regarding the explanation of the transposed letter effect?
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Which model specifically addresses how readers resolve ambiguity using multiple constraints?
Which model specifically addresses how readers resolve ambiguity using multiple constraints?
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Which factor does NOT significantly affect the speed of word recognition?
Which factor does NOT significantly affect the speed of word recognition?
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What does the logogen model primarily explain concerning word recognition?
What does the logogen model primarily explain concerning word recognition?
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In lexical decision tasks, which of the following conditions is likely to enhance response speed?
In lexical decision tasks, which of the following conditions is likely to enhance response speed?
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What aspect of the orthographic neighbourhood effect does the logogen model fail to adequately explain?
What aspect of the orthographic neighbourhood effect does the logogen model fail to adequately explain?
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Which factor has been shown to positively influence word recognition speed according to the research on word recognition?
Which factor has been shown to positively influence word recognition speed according to the research on word recognition?
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What is the main function of the logogen model in the context of word recognition?
What is the main function of the logogen model in the context of word recognition?
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What does the phonological neighbourhood effect demonstrate in the process of word recognition?
What does the phonological neighbourhood effect demonstrate in the process of word recognition?
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Which statement about the orthographic neighbourhood effect is true?
Which statement about the orthographic neighbourhood effect is true?
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Study Notes
Word Recognition
- Tasks: Word recognition is studied using reading, naming, and lexical decision tasks. Eye-tracking measures reading time, while naming tasks measure the time from word presentation to spoken response. Lexical decision involves identifying if a string is a word. Semantic priming speeds responses when a related word precedes the target. Category decision tasks are a variation of lexical decision, where participants categorize words.
- Factors: Shorter words and high-frequency words are recognised faster. Presentation context affects recognition; relevant words are identified faster. Context predictability influences recognition speed (Tulving & Gold, 1963). Words relevant to the context are recognised faster than irrelevant ones.
- Neighbourhood Effects: Orthographic similarity (e.g., tank/sank) and phonological similarity (e.g., cheap/chip) promote faster recognition. Orthographic neighbourhood effect refers to similar spellings, and phonological neighborhood effect refers to similar sounds Words with similar spellings or sounds are recognised faster.
- Models: The Logogen model (Morton, 1969) proposes a threshold for word recognition; higher frequency words have lower thresholds. Input activates the unit above a threshold for recognition. Input not matching sufficiently does not exceed the threshold, hence not recognised. Context and semantic priming can temporarily lower thresholds. The Interactive Activation Model (IAM, McClelland & Rumelhardt, 1981) presents word recognition as a layered network with visual features, letter, and word levels. IAM explains the word superiority effect and the transposed letter effect. The Dual Route model (Coltheart et al., 2001) proposes two pathways: direct (familiar words) and indirect/phonological (unfamiliar words). These pathways lead to surface dyslexia (irregular words) and phonological dyslexia (unfamiliar words). The model accounts for reading difficulties. Each word has a recognition unit, and input must activate the unit above a threshold for recognition.
Sentence Processing
- Processes: Sentence processing combines lexicon (word meaning) and syntax (word arrangement). Parsing integrates these for sentence interpretation, while pragmatics considers contextual factors.
- Ambiguity: Global ambiguity exists when a sentence has multiple meanings (e.g., "The spy observed the politician with binoculars"). Garden path sentences initially suggest one meaning, but later reveal another. (e.g., "While Anna dressed, the baby threw up").
- Syntax Models: The Minimal Attachment model prioritizes the simplest structure. Late Closure prioritizes recent phrases. Constraint Satisfaction Theory considers multiple sources, including context and plausibility, to resolve ambiguity.
- Figurative Language: Metaphors, idioms, and irony exemplify figurative language.
- Processing Models: The Standard Pragmatic view (Grice & Searle) suggests a literal-to-nonliteral meaning processing sequence. The Direct Access view of Gibbs argues for direct access to nonliteral meaning. The Graded Salience view (Giora, 1997) posits that known nonliteral meanings are accessed directly, but novel ones require literal interpretation first. Familiar nonliteral meanings are processed faster. Unfamiliar require more time.
Discourse Processing
- Discourse processing: Understanding and combining longer sequences of text or speech.
- Inferences: The brain fills gaps using inferences. Logical inferences rely on word meaning. Bridging inferences connect separate ideas, while elaborative inferences add details.
- Theories: The Constructionist approach proposes that readers create mental models and make inferences automatically. The Minimalist hypothesis suggests inferences depend on the reader's goals.
- Mental Representations: Schemas (frames, scripts) are prior knowledge, aiding event and object understanding. Frames represent knowledge about objects, Scripts, sequence of events.
- Event indexing: Event indexing dynamically updates internal representations based on protagonist, temporality, causality, spatiality, and intention. Mismatched indexes (e.g., changing locations or times) make texts harder to process.
- Experimental Representations: Reading activates sensorimotor experiences, leading to perceptual activation. (e.g., faster recognition of flying eagles compared to perched).
- Experimental Evidence: Bransford et al. (1972) demonstrated false remembering of altered statements due to automatic inferences; participants falsely remembered altered sentences. Calvo et al. (2006) showed that anticipating future events influences inference processing times. Poynor and Morris (2003) revealed that explicit or implied goals affect readers’ inference-making; Both groups inferred the character’s goals. Bransford & Johnson (1972) highlighted schema's role in text comprehension and recall; Recall was poor without title, good with schemas. Zwaan and Radvansky showed how factors such as protagonist, temporality, causality, spatiality, intentionality influence internal representations. Claus and Kelter (2006) used indexing to demonstrate how texts with mismatched indexes affect processing. Barsalou (2008) emphasized the role of sensorimotor experiences in comprehension. Reading activates real-life sensorimotor experiences. E.g. reading about flying eagles, faster recognition that perched eagles.
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Description
This quiz explores the intricacies of word recognition through various tasks such as reading, naming, and lexical decision-making. Key factors influencing recognition speed, including word length, frequency, and context predictability, are highlighted. Additionally, the neighborhood effects and models explaining these processes are examined.
