Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does longer reading time using an eye tracker indicate in word recognition tasks?
What does longer reading time using an eye tracker indicate in word recognition tasks?
What outcome is associated with the lexical decision task when a target word is preceded by a semantically related word?
What outcome is associated with the lexical decision task when a target word is preceded by a semantically related word?
Which factor enhances the speed of word recognition according to research findings?
Which factor enhances the speed of word recognition according to research findings?
In the context of word recognition, what does the term 'presentation context' refer to?
In the context of word recognition, what does the term 'presentation context' refer to?
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According to the Logogen model, what happens when the input does not sufficiently match a recognition unit?
According to the Logogen model, what happens when the input does not sufficiently match a recognition unit?
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Which of the following is true regarding the neighborhood effects in word recognition?
Which of the following is true regarding the neighborhood effects in word recognition?
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What does the word superiority effect indicate in terms of word recognition?
What does the word superiority effect indicate in terms of word recognition?
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How does word length impact word recognition?
How does word length impact word recognition?
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What does semantic priming accomplish in word recognition tasks?
What does semantic priming accomplish in word recognition tasks?
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According to Tulving and Gold's study, how are predictable words recognized in context?
According to Tulving and Gold's study, how are predictable words recognized in context?
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What do bridging inferences primarily establish?
What do bridging inferences primarily establish?
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According to the minimalist hypothesis, what influences inference-making?
According to the minimalist hypothesis, what influences inference-making?
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What does the Interactive Activation Model (IAM) primarily illustrate about word recognition?
What does the Interactive Activation Model (IAM) primarily illustrate about word recognition?
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What finding did Poynor and Morris (2003) conclude regarding goals and inferences?
What finding did Poynor and Morris (2003) conclude regarding goals and inferences?
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What are schemas defined as in the context of discourse processing?
What are schemas defined as in the context of discourse processing?
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What distinguishes the Direct Lexical Route in the Dual Route model?
What distinguishes the Direct Lexical Route in the Dual Route model?
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In Bransford and Johnson's (1972) study, what was the impact of having a title for the vague text?
In Bransford and Johnson's (1972) study, what was the impact of having a title for the vague text?
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Which concept best describes the reading difficulty associated with Surface Dyslexia?
Which concept best describes the reading difficulty associated with Surface Dyslexia?
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What does the concept of 'Late Closure' suggest in sentence processing?
What does the concept of 'Late Closure' suggest in sentence processing?
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What does event indexing in discourse processing rely on?
What does event indexing in discourse processing rely on?
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In the parsing of ambiguous sentences, Minimal Attachment prefers which type of interpretation?
In the parsing of ambiguous sentences, Minimal Attachment prefers which type of interpretation?
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What does the constructionist approach suggest about inference-making?
What does the constructionist approach suggest about inference-making?
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What was the implication of the finding from Calvo et al. (2006) regarding anticipation in reading?
What was the implication of the finding from Calvo et al. (2006) regarding anticipation in reading?
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Which view suggests that literal meanings must be processed before understanding irony?
Which view suggests that literal meanings must be processed before understanding irony?
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According to the findings from Barsalou (2008), reading activates which type of information?
According to the findings from Barsalou (2008), reading activates which type of information?
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What is the essence of the Constraint Satisfaction Theory in processing ambiguous sentences?
What is the essence of the Constraint Satisfaction Theory in processing ambiguous sentences?
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What is the primary function of frames and scripts in schemas?
What is the primary function of frames and scripts in schemas?
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Which of the following examples best illustrates the transposed letter effect?
Which of the following examples best illustrates the transposed letter effect?
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Which process involves comparing two distinct concepts to emphasize their similarities?
Which process involves comparing two distinct concepts to emphasize their similarities?
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How did the ERP study by Hargoot et al. (2004) contribute to understanding sentence processing?
How did the ERP study by Hargoot et al. (2004) contribute to understanding sentence processing?
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Study Notes
Word Recognition
- Tasks: Eye-tracking measures reading time (longer = harder recognition); naming tasks measure time from word appearance to spoken response; lexical decision tasks involve identifying words from letter strings.
- Semantic Priming: Faster responses when a semantically related word precedes the target word.
- Category Decision Tasks: Deciding if a word belongs to a category.
- Factors Affecting Recognition: Word length (shorter words are recognised faster); word frequency (more common words recognised faster); presentation context (words relevant to context recognised faster); orthographic neighbourhood effects (similar spelling = faster recognition); phonological neighbourhood effects (similar sounds = faster recognition).
- Tulving and Gold (1963): Predictable (context-relevant) words recognised faster than unpredictable (context-irrelevant) words .
- Models: Logogen model (input activates a word unit above a threshold), Interactive Activation Model (network with layers, bottom-up and top-down processing), Dual Route Model (direct and indirect pathways from visual input to meaning [familiar/unfamiliar words]).
- Word Superiority Effect: Letters recognised faster within words than in isolation.
- Transposed Letter Effect: Readers may overlook typos in the middle of a word.
- Reading Difficulties: Surface dyslexia (problems with direct route, irregular words); phonological dyslexia (problems with indirect route, unfamiliar words).
Sentence Processing
- Concepts: Lexicon (word meanings); syntax (word arrangement); parsing (combining lexicon and syntax); pragmatics (contextual interpretation).
- Ambiguity: Global ambiguity (multiple possible meanings in a sentence); garden path (a sentence that initially suggests one meaning but later reveals another).
- Models: Minimal attachment (preference for simplest sentence structure); late closure (attach new information to the most recent clause); constraint satisfaction (multiple sources of information to resolve ambiguity).
- Figurative Language: Metaphors (comparing things), idioms (fixed phrases with special meanings), irony (contradiction between expectations and outcome).
Discourse Processing
- Concept: Understanding and integrating larger amounts of text or speech.
- Inferences: Filling in gaps using prior knowledge. Types of inferences include logical, bridging, and elaborative inferences.
- Theories: Constructionist approach (readers create mental models & make automatic inferences); minimalist approach (inferences depend on reader's intentions).
- Calvo et al. (2006): Anticipating future events influences inference-making.
- Schemas (Schank & Abelson, 1977): Frames (knowledge about items/objects); scripts (sequences of actions).
- Event Indexing: Representation of events (protagonist, temporality, causality, spatiality, intentionality).
- Experimental Representations: Reading activates sensorimotor experiences.
Mental Representations in Discourse Processing
- Schemas: Frameworks of general knowledge stored in LTM, affecting comprehension.
- Frames: Represent knowledge about objects.
- Scripts: Represent sequences of events associated with experiences or activities.
- Bransford & Johnson (1972): Schemas aid comprehension and recall, especially with context.
- Event indexing (Zwaan & Radvansky): Mental representation of events based on protagonist, temporality, causality, spatiality, intentionality.
- Claus & Kelter (2006): Mismatched event indexes affect comprehension and memory.
- Experimental representations (Barsalou, 2008): Reading activates sensorimotor experiences from real life.
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Description
This quiz explores the cognitive processes involved in word recognition, including eye-tracking measures, naming tasks, and lexical decision tasks. Additionally, it covers factors affecting recognition such as word length, frequency, and semantic priming while also discussing important models like the Logogen model. Test your understanding of these concepts and how they influence reading and recognition.
