Orthographic codes word recognition

What is the word superiority effect evidence of?

That there is flexibility in the encoding of letter position information
That letters are recognised more easily in words than in isolation (correct)
That similarity between words can affect reading
That words are encoded in terms of frequency of exposure

What is the lexical frequency effect evidence of?

That there is flexibility in the encoding of letter position information
That words are encoded in terms of frequency of exposure (correct)
That similarity between words can affect reading
That letters are recognised more easily in words than in isolation

What is the assumption of the IAM model regarding letter input?

It activates all words that share the same letters in any location
It activates all words that have a similar meaning
It only activates the exact word
It activates all words that share these letters in the same locations (correct)

What is the defining characteristic of orthographic neighbours?

They differ by only one letter when word length and letter position are preserved (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did Andrews find in his study on lexical decision and naming?

That words with many neighbours are often recognised faster, but not always (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the letter transposition effect evidence of?

That there is flexibility in the encoding of letter position information (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the word superiority effect an evidence of?

Letter recognition is more accurate in word displays (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which effect suggests that the brain keeps track of word exposure statistics?

Lexical frequency effect (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of research on visual word recognition?

To examine how words are recognised in the brain (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Interactive Activation Model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) related to?

Visual word recognition (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the word superiority effect an example of?

The benefit of recognising letters in words (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Reicher-Wheeler Task used to demonstrate?

The word superiority effect (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an evidence of orthographic neighbour effects?

Similarity between words affects reading (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism that provides combined evidence for letter identity?

Both bottom-up and top-down influences (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where letters are recognised more easily in words than in isolation?

Word superiority effect (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the lexical frequency effect related to?

The frequency of exposure to words (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the finding that words are encoded in terms of frequency of exposure?

Lexical frequency effect (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do orthographic neighbour effects demonstrate?

That similarity between words can affect reading (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an evidence of letter transposition effects?

Flexibility in the encoding of letter position information (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where the similarity between words, in terms of their letter composition, can affect reading?

Orthographic neighbour effect (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do letter transposition effects suggest?

That there is flexibility in the encoding of letter position information (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where the flexibility in the encoding of letter position information can affect reading?

Letter transposition effect (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where a word is mistakenly read as a similar word?

Hostile Neighbours (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the model that is supported by the findings of Perea and Pollatsek (1998)?

Interactive activation model (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the reading of transposed text in English and Hebrew?

Transposed text is read more easily in English than in Hebrew (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew?

They have a non-concatenative morphology (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of the IAM model?

It assumes that letters are encoded in set channels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the evidence provided by letter position dyslexia?

Evidence for the difficulty in encoding letter position (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reading behaviour observed in children with letter position dyslexia?

They misread words by transposing adjacent letters in a word (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the flexibility of letter position encoding in the word recognition system?

It is highly flexible and allows for easy reading of misspelled words (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that enables humans to read words with transposed letters?

The way the human mind reads words as a whole (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where the human brain can read words with transposed letters?

Letter transposition effect (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the effect where readers are faster to recognize and read common words than rare words?

Lexical frequency effect (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the effect where words that are similar in spelling to a target word can activate the target word?

Orthographic neighbour effect (C) Signup and view all the answers

What model of language processing suggests that multiple linguistic representations are activated simultaneously during reading?

Interactive activation model (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did Andrews' study show about transposed letter counterparts?

They had a priming effect on word recognition (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did Perea's study show about transposed letter nonwords?