Orthographic codes word recognition
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Questions and Answers

What is the word superiority effect evidence of?

  • That there is flexibility in the encoding of letter position information
  • That letters are recognised more easily in words than in isolation (correct)
  • That similarity between words can affect reading
  • That words are encoded in terms of frequency of exposure

    • What is the lexical frequency effect evidence of?

  • That there is flexibility in the encoding of letter position information
  • That words are encoded in terms of frequency of exposure (correct)
  • That similarity between words can affect reading
  • That letters are recognised more easily in words than in isolation

    • What is the assumption of the IAM model regarding letter input?

  • It activates all words that share the same letters in any location
  • It activates all words that have a similar meaning
  • It only activates the exact word
  • It activates all words that share these letters in the same locations (correct)

    • What is the defining characteristic of orthographic neighbours?

    <p>They differ by only one letter when word length and letter position are preserved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Andrews find in his study on lexical decision and naming?

    <p>That words with many neighbours are often recognised faster, but not always</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the letter transposition effect evidence of?

    <p>That there is flexibility in the encoding of letter position information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the word superiority effect an evidence of?

    <p>Letter recognition is more accurate in word displays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect suggests that the brain keeps track of word exposure statistics?

    <p>Lexical frequency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of research on visual word recognition?

    <p>To examine how words are recognised in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Interactive Activation Model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) related to?

    <p>Visual word recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the word superiority effect an example of?

    <p>The benefit of recognising letters in words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Reicher-Wheeler Task used to demonstrate?

    <p>The word superiority effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an evidence of orthographic neighbour effects?

    <p>Similarity between words affects reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism that provides combined evidence for letter identity?

    <p>Both bottom-up and top-down influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where letters are recognised more easily in words than in isolation?

    <p>Word superiority effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lexical frequency effect related to?

    <p>The frequency of exposure to words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the finding that words are encoded in terms of frequency of exposure?

    <p>Lexical frequency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do orthographic neighbour effects demonstrate?

    <p>That similarity between words can affect reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an evidence of letter transposition effects?

    <p>Flexibility in the encoding of letter position information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where the similarity between words, in terms of their letter composition, can affect reading?

    <p>Orthographic neighbour effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do letter transposition effects suggest?

    <p>That there is flexibility in the encoding of letter position information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where the flexibility in the encoding of letter position information can affect reading?

    <p>Letter transposition effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a word is mistakenly read as a similar word?

    <p>Hostile Neighbours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the model that is supported by the findings of Perea and Pollatsek (1998)?

    <p>Interactive activation model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the reading of transposed text in English and Hebrew?

    <p>Transposed text is read more easily in English than in Hebrew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew?

    <p>They have a non-concatenative morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the IAM model?

    <p>It assumes that letters are encoded in set channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evidence provided by letter position dyslexia?

    <p>Evidence for the difficulty in encoding letter position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reading behaviour observed in children with letter position dyslexia?

    <p>They misread words by transposing adjacent letters in a word</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flexibility of letter position encoding in the word recognition system?

    <p>It is highly flexible and allows for easy reading of misspelled words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that enables humans to read words with transposed letters?

    <p>The way the human mind reads words as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where the human brain can read words with transposed letters?

    <p>Letter transposition effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the effect where readers are faster to recognize and read common words than rare words?

    <p>Lexical frequency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the effect where words that are similar in spelling to a target word can activate the target word?

    <p>Orthographic neighbour effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model of language processing suggests that multiple linguistic representations are activated simultaneously during reading?

    <p>Interactive activation model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Andrews' study show about transposed letter counterparts?

    <p>They had a priming effect on word recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Perea's study show about transposed letter nonwords?

    <p>They had a priming effect on word recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical effect of letter transposition on reading?

    <p>It slows down reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the eye movement study by White et al. (2008) investigate?

    <p>The effect of letter transposition on reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average sentence reading time in the control condition of the White et al. (2008) study?

    <p>4000ms</p> Signup and view all the answers

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