Word Learning in Children with Hearing Loss
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Questions and Answers

In the UK, how many children are born deaf?

1-2 out of every 1000 children

What are some common causes of hearing loss in children? (Select all that apply)

  • Drug and alcohol use while pregnant (correct)
  • Birth injuries (correct)
  • Infections (correct)
  • Premature birth (correct)
  • Genetics (correct)
  • High blood pressure while pregnant (correct)
  • Maternal diabetes (correct)
  • Low birth weight (correct)

What is the treatment for mild to moderate hearing loss?

Hearing aids

What is the treatment for severe to profound hearing loss?

<p>Cochlear implants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cochlear implants do?

<p>They stimulate the auditory nerves inside the cochlea with electrical impulses. This doesn't restore hearing, but children get a sensation of sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four predictors of language outcome in children with hearing loss? (Select all that apply)

<p>Audiological factors (A), Environmental factors (B), Demographic factors (C), Language input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Ingvalson et al. study, what was observed regarding vocabulary size in children with hearing loss?

<p>Children with normal hearing had a larger vocabulary size than those with hearing loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 7.5 months of age, what can infants do in terms of discriminating between lexical stresses?

<p>They can segment words using the predominant stress pattern of their native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Visual Habituation Paradigm?

<p>A method used to investigate the ability of infants to discriminate between stimuli by measuring their preferential looking times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the sample used in the Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin study?

<p>20 children with cochlear implants at 22-33 months old with 1-6 months of CI use, and 48 infants with normal hearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was assessed in the Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin study? (Select all that apply)

<p>Look-away rate during habituation (A), The length of time to habituate to a visual stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the findings of the Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin study show?

<p>Deaf infants were slower to habituate to a visual stimulus and demonstrated a lower look-away rate than hearing infants. When they are familiarized with a common input pattern, they show dishabituation. Infants with cochlear implants had reduced discrimination of stress patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by audiovisual association?

<p>It refers to how we map sounds and disambiguate motion stimuli in noisy environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the McGurk effect?

<p>A perceptual phenomenon demonstrating an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. The illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound. Visual input can conflict and misrepresent what we are hearing aurally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by multi-modal perception?

<p>It describes how our senses work together to help us perceive the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the sample like in the Schorr et al. study?

<p>There was a group of children 5-14 years old who had been profoundly deaf since birth and had a minimum of 1 year of cochlear implant experience, and a group of age-matched normal hearing children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in the Schorr et al. study?

<p>Participants were asked to watch and listen to audiovisual stimuli and to state the perceived syllable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the findings of the Schorr et al. study?

<p>Children with normal hearing perceived both the unimodal and congruent bimodal stimuli reliably. The congruent audiovisual stimuli /pa/pa/ and /ka/ka/ were reported correctly as &quot;pa&quot; and &quot;ka&quot;, respectively, on 10 of 10 trials by 20 of 35 children. The study found that children with normal hearing reliably perceived both the unimodal and congruent bimodal stimuli. However, children with cochlear implants exhibited idiosyncratic performance on the incongruent 'pa/ka' (McGurk test), demonstrating inconsistent integration of auditory and visual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferential looking paradigm?

<p>An experimental methodology employed by researchers to measure infants' and toddlers' spontaneous looking and listening behaviors towards visual and auditory stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the preferential looking paradigm procedure?

<p>Children are shown two pictures and tested to see if they refer to the right picture when a word is said. Children go through a series of learning trials and are asked which is which. If they remember what they learnt, they will look at the right one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in Houston et al.'s study?

<p>They investigated word learning in deaf children with cochlear implants. Using the intermodal preferential looking paradigm, children were tested on their ability to learn two novel-word/novel-object pairings. The study involved 25 prelingually deaf children (21- to 40-month-olds) who received cochlear implants prior to 2 years of age, and 23 12-month-olds, 23 15-month-olds, 25 18-month-olds, 28 21-month-olds, and 25 age-matched controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the findings of the Houston et al. study?

<p>Normal 12-month-olds couldn't tell, 18-month-olds start to show learning, and by 21 months children are able to learn mapping using this paradigm. Children who had implants slightly older (16-21.4 months) struggled with object mapping. Those who had it implanted earlier were better at it; their performance was similar to normal hearing children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shape bias?

<p>The shape bias is the tendency of infants and children (as well as adults) to generalize information about objects by their shapes, rather than their colors, materials, sizes, or textures when learning nouns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children have shape bias?

<p>18 months and older.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the results of the Perry et al. study?

<p>Children with hearing loss were significantly less likely than age-matched typically hearing children and vocabulary-matched typically hearing children to generalize novel names to objects of the same shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

How many children in the UK are born deaf?

1-2 out of every 1000 children in the UK are born deaf.

What are common causes of hearing loss in children?

Common causes of hearing loss in children include infections, premature birth, low birth weight, birth injuries, drug and alcohol use during pregnancy, maternal diabetes, high blood pressure during pregnancy, and genetics.

Treatment for mild to moderate hearing loss

Hearing aids are used to treat mild to moderate hearing loss.

Treatment for severe to profound hearing loss

Cochlear implants are used to treat severe to profound hearing loss.

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What do cochlear implants do?

Cochlear implants stimulate the auditory nerves inside the cochlea with electrical impulses. They don't restore hearing, but children get a sensation of sound.

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What are predictors of language outcome in children with hearing loss?

Factors predicting language outcomes in children with hearing loss include audiological factors (hearing loss severity), demographic factors (age at diagnosis, socioeconomic status), environmental factors (family support, access to services), and language input (amount and quality of exposure to language).

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What happened in the Ingvalson et al. study on vocabulary size?

The Ingvalson et al. study compared vocabulary size in age-matched pairs of children with normal hearing and children with hearing loss, testing them at 3-4 years old and again 6 months later.

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What did the Ingvalson study find?

Children with normal hearing had a larger vocabulary size than children with hearing loss.

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What can infants do with lexical stresses by 7.5 months?

By 7.5 months of age, infants can segment words using the predominant stress pattern of their native language. This was shown by infants listening longer to passages containing familiarized words like "askingdom" and "hamlet" compared to control passages.

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What is the Visual Habituation Paradigm?

The visual habituation paradigm is a method used to investigate infants' ability to discriminate between stimuli by measuring how long they look at a new stimulus before getting bored (habituated).

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What was the sample in the Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin study?

The Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin study involved 20 children with cochlear implants (22-33 months old) and 48 infants with normal hearing.

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What was assessed in the Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin study?

The Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin study assessed two aspects of cognitive function and attention maintenance: how long infants took to get bored (habituate) with a visual stimulus and how often they looked away during habituation.

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What were the findings of the Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin study?

Deaf infants were slower to habituate to a visual stimulus and showed a lower look-away rate than hearing infants, suggesting a difference in attention and processing. Deaf infants with CIs showed reduced discrimination of stress patterns in words.

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What is Audiovisual Association?

Audiovisual association is the process of how we connect sounds and visual movement, helping us understand speech and events in noisy environments.

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What is the McGurk effect?

The McGurk effect is an illusion that demonstrates the interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. When the sound of a spoken word is paired with the visual movement of a different word, we perceive a third, incorrect word.

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What is Multi-modal Perception?

Multi-modal perception refers to how our senses work together to help us perceive the world. For example, we use sight, hearing, touch, and smell to experience a meal.

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What was the sample like in the Schorr et al. study?

The Schorr et al. study involved a group of children (5-14 years old) who were profoundly deaf since birth with at least one year of cochlear implant experience, and a second group of age-matched normal-hearing children.

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What happened in the Schorr et al. study?

In the Schorr et al. study, participants watched and listened to audiovisual stimuli, and then stated the perceived syllable.

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What were the findings of the Schorr et al. study?

Children with normal hearing perceived both the unimodal (sound only) and congruent bimodal (sound + matching visual cue) stimuli correctly. However, on incongruent bimodal stimuli (where visual cues didn't match the sound, creating a McGurk effect), their responses were inconsistent.

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What is the preferential looking paradigm?

The preferential looking paradigm is a research method used to observe how infants and toddlers look at and respond to different visual and auditory stimuli.

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What happens in the preferential looking paradigm procedure?

In the preferential looking paradigm, children are shown two pictures and tested to see if they look at the correct picture when a word is spoken. They learn new word-object pairings through repeated trials and their looking patterns reveal their understanding.

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What happened in Houston et al.'s study?

Houston et al.'s study used the preferential looking paradigm to examine word learning in deaf children with cochlear implants. The study compared these children (21- to 40-month-olds) with normal-hearing children of various ages.

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What were the findings of the Houston et al. study?

Normal-hearing children at 12 months didn't show word learning, but by 18 months they started to learn. At 21 months, children could readily learn new word-object pairings. However, children with cochlear implants implanted later (16-21.4 months) struggled with object mapping, while those implanted earlier performed similarly to normal-hearing children.

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What is Shape Bias?

Shape bias is a learning tendency where children (and even adults) focus on the shape of an object when generalizing new words, rather than its color, size, or material.

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At what age do children have shape bias?

Children typically develop shape bias around 18 months of age.

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What happened in the Perry et al. study?

The Perry et al. study investigated whether children with hearing loss exhibit shape bias when creating new words. They compared children with cochlear implants or hearing aids to age-matched and vocabulary-matched children with normal hearing.

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What were the results of the Perry et al. study?

Children with hearing loss were significantly less likely to generalize novel names to objects of the same shape compared to their age-matched and vocabulary-matched counterparts with normal hearing.

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Study Notes

Word Learning in Children with Hearing Loss

  • Prevalence of Deafness in UK: Approximately 1-2 out of every 1000 children are born deaf.

Causes of Hearing Loss in Children

  • Infections
  • Premature birth
  • Low birth weight
  • Birth injuries
  • Maternal drug/alcohol use
  • Maternal diabetes
  • Maternal high blood pressure
  • Genetics

Treatment Options

  • Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss: Hearing aids
  • Severe to Profound Hearing Loss: Cochlear implants

Cochlear Implants

  • Cochlear implants stimulate auditory nerves electrically, creating a sensation of sound.
  • Cochlear implants do not restore complete hearing.

Predictors of Language Outcome

  • Audiological factors
  • Demographic factors
  • Environmental factors
  • Language input

Ingvalson et al. Study (Vocabulary Size)

  • Participants: 31 children with normal hearing, 31 with hearing loss (age-matched)
  • Methods: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, receptive one-word picture vocabulary test administered at ages 3-4 and again 6 months later.
  • Findings: Children with normal hearing had larger vocabularies compared to those with hearing loss.

Infants' Word Segmentation (by 7.5 months)

  • Infants can segment words based on stress patterns in their native language, as demonstrated in experiments with the words askindom and hamlet.

Visual Habituation Paradigm

  • A method to measure infants' ability to discriminate between stimuli, by measuring their looking time.

Segal, Houston, Kishon-Rabin Study (Infants with Cochlear Implants)

  • Participants: 20 children with cochlear implants (22-33 months old, 1-6 months CI use), 48 infants with normal hearing
  • Methods: Observed habituation to visual stimuli and look-away rates during habituation.
  • Findings: Deaf infants habituated more slowly and had lower look-away rates compared to infants with typical hearing.

McGurk Effect

  • An auditory-visual interaction in speech perception, where visual input can conflict with the perceived sound.

Multimodal Perception

  • The combination of senses to create a comprehensive perception of the world.

Schorr et al. Study (McGurk Effect and Cochlear Implants)

  • Participants: Children with profound hearing loss (ages 5-14), minimum 1 year CI usage, age-matched controls
  • Methods: Presented audiovisual stimuli ("pa" / "ka"); participants stated the perceived syllable.
  • Findings: Normal-hearing children reliably perceived congruent and incongruent stimuli. Children with hearing loss sometimes reported a perception incongruent with the audio signal.

Preferential Looking Paradigm (Word Learning)

  • A method to assess infant attention and perceptual abilities, typically involving visual stimuli.

Houston et al. Study (Word Learning in Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants)

  • Participants: 25 prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants (21-40 months old), age-matched controls.
  • Methods: Intermodal preferential looking paradigm to assess word learning.
  • Findings: Normal-hearing children showed a gradual increase in mapping abilities until around 21 months. Children with earlier CI implantation performed similarly to normal-hearing children.

Shape Bias in Infants

  • A cognitive bias for associating words with objects of a particular shape.

Perry et al. Study (Shape Bias in Children with Hearing Loss)

  • Participants: 20 children with hearing loss using cochlear implants/hearing aids and age-matched/vocabulary-matched controls.
  • Methods: Tested shape generalization when generating novel words.
  • Findings: Children with hearing loss were less likely to generalize novel names to objects of the same shape as their age or vocab equivalents.

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Description

Explore the complexities of word learning in children with hearing loss, focusing on various causes and treatment options. This quiz delves into the prevalence of deafness, the role of cochlear implants, and factors predicting language outcomes based on recent studies.

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