Communication Methods for Deaf Children & Nurses' Role in Detecting Deafness

Acoustic nerve

20 weeks

Ventilation of the middle ear, protection from nasopharyngeal secretions and sound pressure, and drainage

To evaluate brain growth

Fever and vomiting

Oral amoxicillin

Cholesteatoma

When medical treatment fails

Amplified sound

To evaluate an infant's response to auditory stimuli

Face the child when speaking and be positioned at eye level

Check ear hygiene regularly

Pain and tenderness on manipulating the pinna

Irrigation and topical antibiotics

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Their eustachian tubes are shorter, wider, and straighter

Amblyopia

Athetosis

Conjunctivitis

Concussion

Sensorineural hearing loss

Before 3 months of age

Lack of response to sounds or music

Evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test

It is partially dependent on the ability to see objects

9 months

It improves their balance

Between 2 to 3 years of age

4 to 5 months of age

To express emotions

Inner ear

20 weeks' gestation

Tonic movement

To determine neurological growth

Fever and headache

Oral amoxicillin

When medical treatment is unsuccessful

Cholesteatoma

At 3 months

Evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test

Antibiotic ear drops

Conductive hearing loss

Playing music

Nausea and vomiting

Flashing lights

To provide information about hearing aids

Ringing in the ears

Laying the child on a table with the arms held alongside the head

Infants between 6 and 24 months of age

To equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the outside atmosphere

Eyehand coordination is partially dependent on the ability to see the object.

9 months

To lubricate the eyes

4 to 5 months

To assess brain development

2 to 3 years old

Amblyopia

Athetosis

Concussion

Conjunctivitis

Rubbing or pulling at the ear = Ear infection or earache Rolling the head from side to side = Earache in infants Loud speech = Ear infection Inattentive behavior = Ear infection

Oral amoxicillin for 10 days = Otitis media Myringotomy = Chronic otitis media or tympanic membrane tear prevention Tympanostomy ventilating tube = Chronic otitis media or hearing difficulties Warm compress = Comfort measure for ear condition

Cholesteatoma = Chronic otitis media Tissue breakdown = Otitis media or ear infection Hearing loss = Otitis media or chronic otitis media Febrile seizures = Otitis media

Abscess formation = Rupture of the eardrum Chronic otitis media = Surgical intervention Otitis media with effusion = Repeated attacks of acute otitis media Tympanic membrane button or tympanostomy ventilating tube = Chronic otitis media or hearing difficulties

Athetosis = Involuntary, slow, writhing movements of the limbs or face Encephalopathy = A temporary loss of normal brain function resulting from a head injury, usually with a brief loss of consciousness Conjunctivitis = An inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye Amblyopia = A condition characterized by decreased vision in one or both eyes, often due to abnormal development of vision during childhood

Otitis Externa = Common symptom is pain on touching or moving the ear Otitis Media = May lead to chronic conditions if left untreated Cerebral Palsy = Involves four types and specific nursing goals in care Meningitis = Symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness

Otitis Externa = Treated with topical antimicrobial or antifungal agents Otitis Media = First-line treatment is usually with antibiotics Amblyopia = Treatment may involve patching the stronger eye Meningitis = Requires immediate medical treatment with antibiotics

Enucleation = Surgical removal of the eye Eustachian Tube = Functions include equalizing pressure and draining fluid from the middle ear Barotrauma = Injury to the ear due to changes in atmospheric pressure Neurological Check = A procedure that involves assessing level of consciousness, pupillary response, and motor function

Otitis Externa = An acute infection of the external ear canal often referred to as swimmer’s ear Otitis Media = An inflammation of the middle ear caused by various organisms Eustachian Tube = A channel that connects the middle ear to the throat Mastoiditis = A condition that can occur when an infection of the throat spreads to the middle ear

Method 1 = Lay the child on a table with the arms held alongside the head, which is turned to the side Method 2 = Place the child in the lap of the adult

Otitis Externa Treatment = Irrigation and topical antibiotics or antivirals Otitis Media Prevention = Keeping the ear dry during and after exposure to moisture Middle Ear Infection in Infants = More prone due to their shorter, wider, and straighter eustachian tubes Eustachian Tube Function = Protects the middle ear from nasopharyngeal secretions, provides drainage of middle ear secretions into the nasopharynx, and equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and the outside atmosphere

Infants = More prone to middle ear infections due to immature defense mechanisms and shorter eustachian tubes Children between 6 and 24 months = Commonly affected by OM Early Childhood = Age group that is often affected by OM Adults = Less susceptible to OM compared to infants and young children

Congenital hearing loss = May be hereditary or may result from in utero infection, a low birth weight, prolonged resuscitative measures, or specific anomalies or syndromes Sensorineural hearing loss = Occurs when the hair cells along the cochlea and acoustic nerve may be damaged, which can occur from exposure to environmental toxins, genetic anomalies, or exposure to loud noise Conductive hearing loss = Occurs when the tympanic membrane prevents sound from entering the middle ear. Common causes of conductive hearing loss in older children include impacted cerumen (ear wax), perforation of the tympanic membrane, and some types of ear infections Legal deafness = A hearing loss greater than 70 dB is considered this

Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test = A preferred method for neonatal testing Auditory brainstem response (ABR) test = Records brain wave responses generated by the auditory system Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) = Identifies sensitivity to sounds in young infants Tympanometry = Measures ear pressure but is difficult to perform adequately on an active infant or small child

Newborn = Evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test Infant less than 4 months old = Lack of response to sounds or music or lack of the startle reflex Infant or child able to communicate = A tuning fork is used to evaluate for air conduction (Rinne test) or bone conduction (Weber test) Infants as young as 2 months old = Hearing aids can be used

Hearing aids = Infants as young as 2 months old Cochlear implants = Some children as young as 2 years old Universal detection of hearing impairment = Infants before 3 months of age Treatment at an auditory training center = Children who suffer a severe loss of hearing

Extensor posturing = A medical term for abnormal posture in which the body is stiff and straight, with the arms and legs extended Idiopathic = A term used to describe a disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown Ketogenic diet = A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that has been used to help control seizures in some people with epilepsy Strabismus = A condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object

Hyperopia = A common vision condition in which you can see distant objects clearly, but objects nearby may be blurry Nystagmus = A condition characterized by involuntary, rapid, and repetitive movements of the eyes Opisthotonos = A condition in which the head and back are arched backward and the body is bowed forward Papilledema = Swelling of the optic disc, a region of the optic nerve in the back of the eye

Auricle = The visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head Eustachian tube = A narrow tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and upper throat Tympanic membrane = A thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear Cochlea = A spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain

Birth to 4 years of age = The period of most rapid brain and nerve cell growth and specialization By the end of the first year = The stage at which the brain has increased in weight about 2½ times 2 years of age = The stage at which brain growth is almost complete After birth = The stage at which myelinization of nerve tracts in the central nervous system accelerates, allowing for progressively more complex neurological and motor functions

Lip reading = Understanding spoken language through visual cues of the speaker's lip movements Sign language = Use of hand signals that correspond to words and assist in communication with a deaf child Writing = Using written words to convey messages Amplified sound = Increasing the volume of sound to make it audible to a hearing-impaired person

Hearing aid = Expensive and invaluable device that helps a hearing-impaired child Telecommunication devices for the deaf (TDD) = Enable telephone communication for the hearing-impaired Closed captioning devices for television = Provide text-based captions for the hearing-impaired child to read Flashing lights = Installed in the home to alert the child to doorbells and other sound-based devices

Otitis externa = Inflammation or infection of the external ear canal Barotrauma = Occurs when there is a change in the atmospheric pressure between the internal body systems and the surrounding environment Decompression sickness = Condition that occurs when a diver ascends too quickly, causing nitrogen bubbles to form in the bloodstream Conjunctivitis = Inflammation or infection of the thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye

Nurse smiles when approaching the child = Body language communicates a lot, especially if there is a severe communication problem Nurse faces the child when speaking and is positioned at eye level with the child = Ensures effective communication and engagement with the child Nurse ensures that the child sees him or her before touching = Avoids startling the child Nurse checks ear hygiene and be sure hairs are not caught on the end of the hearing aid = Ensures a proper fit and minimizes noise and whistling problems

Eyes open most of the day = 4 to 5 months Crawling = Partially dependent on the ability to see an object at a distance and attempt to reach it Depth perception developed = 9 months of age Preschool visual screening recommended by AAP = Between 2 and 3 years of age

Otitis externa = Inflammation or infection of the external ear canal Eyehand coordination = Ability to transfer objects from one hand to another is partially dependent on the ability to see the object Depth perception = Ability to see an object in three dimensions and to judge the distance of the object from oneself Retinal vessels vascularize = Development of blood vessels in the retina

Retina = Contains the cells that are sensitive to light and convert it into electrical signals Cornea = Transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber Iris = Controls the diameter and size of the pupil Conjunctiva = Thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye

Visual depth perception influences the child’s ability to run without falling = When the child walks or runs The ability to crawl is partially dependent on the ability to see an object at a distance and attempt to reach it = Crawling development Depth perception is not developed = Until 9 months of age Eyes open most of the day = By 4 to 5 months

Otitis media = Inflammation or infection of the middle ear Eustachian tube = Connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat Barotrauma = Injury caused by changes in air or water pressure Conductive hearing loss = Occurs when there is a problem conducting sound waves anywhere along the route through the outer ear, eardrum, or middle ear

Preschool visual screening = During well-child visits between 2 and 3 years of age Universal hearing screening in infants = Recommended age not specified Positioning a child for an ear examination = Recommended method not specified Neonatal testing of hearing ability = Preferred method not specified